Obama Essay - 728 Words

Mr. Trump told a Republican senator that he wants to investigate the recording that had him boasting about grabbing womens genitals. He doesn’t think that it is his voice and after making that claim he continued to suggest that the tape is not actually him. The tape was recorded on the access Hollywood in 2005 when Donald Trump was with other eight guys including Billy Bush. He was making vulgar comments about women which were later revealed on his campaign when he was running for president came out. When Billy heard that Mr. Trump is running for a president he was shaking. Because of Trump attitude toward people, especially to women made Billy be completely against him. Trump once said to Billy, â€Å" People will just believe you. You just†¦show more content†¦Trumps falsehood is part of his life habit that has been with him and he continues to make a lot of conspiracy theories that have no fact which is what exactly napoleons do. Also one of the biggest similarit ies between these two leaders is being against someone but do the same thing as the other person. When they kicked out Mr. Jones from the animals farm, they probated the action of human which were drinking, sleeping on a bed and many others. But it didn’t take long for Napoleon to break those and start to sleep on a bed and drink alcohol and do other probated thing that he wasn’t supposed to do. This was similar with Donald Trump when he was criticizing Obama for playing golf and tweeted Can you believe that, with all of the problems and difficulties facing the U.S., President Obama spent the day playing golf,† but it didn’t take long for Trump to go and play golf after his election. Not only he played golf but he played more golf in a year than Obama did. By his saying it looked like he wasn’t even going to play golf for one day but he has done it 36 times in one year which is ridiculous. Animals farm is a really nice book that has a lot of relation between nowadays and we can make a lot of connection between animals farm and what’s going on with our president administration and his works. The story of the animal farm can feel like a fair tell but the book is moreShow MoreRelatedAnalytical Essay Michelle Obama1034 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Delprà ¸ve 2, opgave B Analytical essay of †Remarks by the First Lady at Education Event with DC High School Sophomores† The speech was held by the First Lady, Michelle Obama, at the DC High School as an educational event for the sophomores. The overriding subject of the speech is education which is an area Michelle Obama and her husband, Barack Obama, has spent a lot of time and resources on. After the introduction of the speech she speaks of a goal that her husband has set for America. She tellsRead MoreChange and Obama Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction – Change and Obama Last year, America has elected a new president and in fact the first black president, Barack Obama. As what all other presidents have done, they made so many promises during their campaign, in order for people to support them and win the votes to become president. President Barack Obama used the word change as his campaign tagline last year. It triggered us, the people around the world, to have the interest on how Obama has brought changes to the White House, to theRead MoreThe Reconstructive Obama Essay4311 Words   |  18 PagesThe Reconstructive Obama It is ambiguous as to how President Barrack Obama shapes our politics in terms of our political regime, but it can be determined through the present outcomes of his leadership today. In The Politics Presidents Make, by Stephen Skowronek, describes that there is a life-cycle of inaugurated presidents through the history of the United States. 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In pouring through and examining countless research for this paper, I noticed immediately that Obama has written and published many articles, books, and journals—in short the man is undoubtedly well-spoken, expressiveRead More The Promise: President Obama Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesBarack Obama stood before a cheering crowd in his home state Illinois and announced his candidacy, no believed that this guy had any chance of winning the nomination. Majority of Americans did not believe that the country was actually ready for an African-American president with a promise of changing the course of politics in Washington. However, on November 4, 2008, for the first time, the citizens of the United States elected an African-American president with a name Barack Hussein Obama. It provedRead MoreObama Speech Critique Essay604 Words   |  3 Pagesand everyone could grasp what the President was saying. I especially liked how with everything he brought out in his speech he gave an e xample for each aspect. I rate him a 10 on non verbal communication and verbal communication. I give President Obama a 99% grade on his speech. He had an effective delivery as well as communication. He used his audience analysis to connect to whom he was speaking to and he used his personal credibility to back up what he was saying to the crowd. His kinesics andRead MoreEssay on Obama and the National Debt1185 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Back in 2008, candidate Obama called a $10 trillion national debt ‘unpatriotic’. Yet by his own decisions, President Obama has added more debt than any other president before him, one president, one term, and $5 trillion in new debt† (Paul Ryan, Rep. for Wisconsin, 2011). Everyone agrees that the national debt needs to be fixed. However, people are disagreeing about how to tackle this problem and whether or not we are making any progress. 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Whistle Blowing Free Essays

Blowing a whistle is considered to be immoral if done in the premises of a professional firm for the outsiders; consequently, the choice of blowing a whistle is a major problem in engineering. It is the duty of an engineer to tell others about the harm it contains if the boss or the clients are unable to track the instructions. He must also inform about the harm when they are in favour of not only the security but also the interests of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Whistle Blowing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being a professional, a person is empowered at a good rank. Numerous engineers who are likely to become whistle blowers will look for your suggestions; therefore, you must make sure you pay proper heed to them. Furthermore, involving the engineers in the firm offers a good environment for mutual efforts for helping whistle blowers as well as a way for those engineers who follow the principles for the welfare of all. Blowing a whistle is a realistic implementation of the moral conducts of engineers proves to be an advantage as well as helps in sustaining the honour of people including everyone who is a part of the firm. In case you are referred to by any prospective whistle blower for any suggestions, you must always try to be as pragmatic as possible and must also try to make sure that the danger which has been described is severe enough. It must also be in the form of a document. You must also find out if the seniors were referred to prior to you. Your advice must be to be point only after knowing all the above mentioned requirements as well as whether the seniors tried to deal with the issue before you (Schinzinger and Martin, 2000). Forming documents is considered to be very crucial as there are cases when any discontented worker is only looking for vengeance. So after documentation, it would be made sure that there is an issue and it must be resolved. However, there are exceptions but they are based on the case itself rather than being mentioned prior to it. A document, for instance, may not be formed when the issue is confidential or has secret information (Schinzinger Martin, 2000). As a result, it is the duty of the firm to make sure that they know about the advantages and disadvantages which are attached to prospective whistle blowers. The engineers must remember that it becomes hard for the firm to come up with a good case when a document is not formed; however, it is still possible. You must keep a purposeful point of view being a professional. Turning down the statement of the engineer about no proper proof is not must appreciated as your firm will have to face a lot of problems in the long run in case it is proved later that you knew about the problem but you did not pay much attention to it. So, in the same way, if you take part in the helping of whistle blower, then your firm may be able to get back its honour and sustain it, in case it becomes known that you were a strong part of the problem solving events of the whistle blowing issue. It is good for any firm to give suggestions to engineers as it shows that they care and results in a feeling of belonging and loyalty. There are two conflicting perceptions of people as far as whistle blowing is concerned. For some, such people are â€Å"heroic defenders of values† while others believe them to be â€Å"traitorous violators of organisational loyalty norms†. The practice of giving advice by the firm is very much in the favour of whistle blowers as people do not appreciate this habit. Whistle blowing is considered as an heroic action while it actually is that a lot of individuals get an impact made on them by the idea to cancel any procedure or a project (Bouville, 2008). Letting the prospective engineers participate in discussions with other engineers who are not a part of the events at office or chat groups for such discussions about blowing whistles must be mentioned in your website. As a result, those engineers who have been through this before will be able to talk about the problem by remaining anonymous to others. There are codes of standards like for engineers, their functions to be performed, their loyalty, those individuals who control the engineers, how the engineers must perform for the public and the cost-benefit study about blowing whistle can be talked about generally. With the help of this, the prospective whistle blowers will be able to look for suggestions by their fellows prior to consulting the professionals in your firm. The advantages of blowing a whistle are not only limited to the engineer but also their boss and his firm. A firm that lacks strong values for the engineers is likely to have poor employment and involvement of their workers. There is a code of standards for every professional firm. Its purpose is to ensure that there is equality among all as well as everyone is aware of how to behave. â€Å"Why should we be bothered? † is the most common reaction to the procedures which have been put forward for dealing with the habit of blowing whistles. According to Davis, there must be a standard of ethics as it helps the engineers in terms of their behaviour, moral judgement as well as it helps them in understanding their profession (Thinking like an Engineer, 1991). Every professional firm must work for engineering professionals as they communicate with them in a number of ways. Every professional firm has a set of standards which must be followed by all its engineers. According to the NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineers, the engineers must not harm the integrity of the professional firm they work in, in any way. They must also not harm the way other people work or find fault in their work. In case, any engineer feels that others are not working properly of they are not following the ethics of workplace, then they should go and talk to the higher authority so they will look into it (Schinzinger and Martin, 2000). Everyone working at the firm must follow the ethics even those who are looking into any problem. In case any prospective whistle blower fulfils the above conditions and gets considerable encouragement from the chat forum on website, then the firm must provide assistance for the welfare of ethics of engineering. According to Davis, ethics and standards must be recognized and valued by the person completely or else they will not be successful (Thinking like an Engineering, 1991). The employees of the professional firm must follow the standard or its advantages will not be attained of engineering being a very organized profession. The primary principle of NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineering) encourages serving the public while the fourth principle encourages serving the boss. There is consent between Bouville and Harris that not only security but the health and interests of people must be kept foremost. On the other hand, it is also very important for a professional organization that they work and promote professional fraternity which helps in performing duty for the people as well as for one another (Bouville, 2008). Blowing a whistle is not always about trial and error but choices can be made with the help of standards which sustain the professional honour by keeping one’s own point of view aside. It is the duty of professional engineers to follow the code of ethics of their firm (Davis, 1991). They must not only follow the ethics inside their office but also outside it. They must sustain the behaviour especially in those firms where united man power works. The professional firm you work in offers you a cover under which you can work well and deal with the clients and people in a better way as well as you offer advantages to them. In case whistle blowing is needed for this act, then the professional firm should help the engineer as it will bring benefits in the long run. References Davis, M (1991). Thinking Like an Engineer: The Place of a Code of Ethics in the Practice of a Profession. Philosophy and Public Affairs  [online]. 20, [Accessed 2 January 2012 ], p. 150-167. Available from: . Bouville, M. (2008). `Whistle-Blowing and Morality’. Journal of Business Ethics  81(3):579-585. Schinzinger, R. , Martin, M (2000). Chapter 5: Workplace responsibilities and rights. FROM: Schinzinger, R. , Martin, M,  Introduction to Engineering Ethics. Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp 167-184. How to cite Whistle Blowing, Essay examples Whistle Blowing Free Essays A whistleblower is someone that raises a concern about a wrongdoing that is happening in their company or organization. There are many things that the whistleblower can reveal such as the breaking of laws, exposing fraud, corruption, or health and safety violations. These allegations can expressed to the people that run the company or organization and they can be expressed to the outside world such as the media or law enforcement. We will write a custom essay sample on Whistle Blowing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The whistleblower normally faces reprisal from their company, related organizations, or sometimes from the law. Whistle blowing happens when people get caught between business and social responsibility. They have to decide what is best for the business and what is best for the world. In the Insider Big tobacco denies that nicotine is an addictive drug. Jeff Wigand is a tobacco executive and has to decide whether or not give an interview with 60 minutes about cigarettes and if nicotine is and addictive drug or not. Jeff signed a confidentiality agreement with his company saying that he will not disclose any information about nicotine. Even though he is fired and receives death threats, Jeff decides to give the interview and whistle blow on his company by exposing the facts about nicotine that his company was hiding. There are three elements in whistle blowing and when these elements are combined they make whistle blowing very bitter and distaste full. They are dissent, accusation, and breach of loyalty. Dissent is a disagreement with a superior or the majority which can be hard to do in a work environment. Whistle blowing’s dissent is shedding light on a risk and assigning responsibility for the risk. The whistleblower also accuses someone of who is often higher on the corporate ladder than him. When he accuses this person it is like he calls that person a foul and that gets the strongest reaction from that person and they try to defend themselves. The whistleblower is calling out his own colleagues and this is seen as a breach of loyalty because he has certain obligations to his colleagues and this loyalty is put against the public interest. There are many different views on when it is appropriate to whistle blow. Michael McFarland uses a study by Simon, Powers, and Gunneman that there are four factors that must be present in order to morally require someone to go and help another person. They are that there is a critical need for the help, is within the â€Å"network of social relations† which means a person duty to family, friends and so on, the ability to help without damage to self, and the lack of other sources of help. McFarland states suggests that engineers should be held to a higher standard of social responsibility than ordinary individuals but the responsibility should be dispersed among all of the members of the engineering society instead of just an individual engineer. He uses the example of Kitty Genovese. Kitty was murdered and many people in her apartment building either watched or listened and did nothing. It has been argued that had the neighbors banned together they could have prevented the murder. McFarland uses this example to show that when no other sources of help are available that engineers should take responsibility by banding together. McFarland encourages engineers to change their thinking of individual responsibility to the responsibility of the engineering profession on a broader level. Richard De George states that loyalty to the company is the most important thing for a person to have. He gives three requirements for a person to have permissibility to whistle blow which are as follows. If harm to the public will be serous and considerable, if the person informs their superiors of the problem and nothing is done, and if the person informs everyone above them on the cooperate ladder and nothing is done. George also gives requirements for when whistle blowing is a moral obligation of a person. They include the three previously stated requirements and that the person has documentation about their concern and that there is strong evidence that making their concerns know to the public will stop the problem. This seems like good criteria for a person to whistle blow but this approach can take a long time to complete because sometimes informing all the people above the whistleblower on the cooperate ladder can be an extensive process. This caused the Challenger disaster. The shuttle that was launched prior to the challenger had many time because of weather and mechanical factors. NASA did not want delay the launch of the Challenger so the launch pad could be refurbished on time and so it would launch at the same time as President Reagan gave his State of the Union address. The Challenger uses solid rocket boosters with solid fuel to overcome Earth’s gravity. These boosters are assembled with four segments that are held together by two O rings. The O rings keep hot gas from escaping from the motor. Heat putty is used to separate the rubber rings and the hot gases. Engineers discover that the O rings may not be able to keep the boosters sealed at temperatures lower than 40o F and they brought this up to their superiors. The superiors disagreed and thought that the O rings would hold regardless of the temperature. The night before the launch the temperature dropped greatly below the safety limits of the O rings. Ice formed on the pad and some fell on a booster cooling it to 28o F causing the seal to fail. The shuttle was launched and fifty nine seconds later the shuttle exploded. Had the engineers whistle blowed instead of bringing up the problem all of their superiors then the shuttle may have not launched. While they did not have enough low temperature data to prove that it was dangerous to launch, they also did not have enough data to prove that it was safe enough to launch. Had they gone to the media there may have been enough public support against the launch for NASA to delay it. We will never know. What we do know is that informing all of the engineer’s superiors took too long and the engineers did not have enough time to try and find another way to stop the shuttle launch. The National Society of Professional Engineers’ Code of Ethics for engineers has six fundamental cannons that state that for engineers to fulfill their professional duties they must, hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, perform services only in areas of their competence, issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner, act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, avoid deceptive acts, and conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. The first principle states that an engineer has the duty to the public’s safety, health and welfare before a duty to a client or employer. This keeps an engineer protected in the event of whistle blowing. Some codes even go as far as disciplining or revoking the engineer’s license if the engineer fails to report something that the engineer knew was not in the public’s best interest. Having this principle in the Code of Ethics has help justify whistle blowing by engineers and has the courts often side with engineer, overruling confidentiality agreements and duties to employers that in the past would have prevented the engineer from speaking out. I believe that whistle blowing is a necessary part of being an engineer. It gives the engineer some power over the company or organization that has hired them. If the company fears that the engineer may go and tell the public things that the company does that are harmful to the public, the company will try to avoid doing things that are harmful to the public. While whistle blowing is often times distasteful and hard to do, it is often a necessity. There are companies in the world that only care about making a profit and do not worry about the public’s health. These companies need the help of engineers to design their projects which gives the engineers insight that the public will not have. While the engineers have loyalty to the company that they work for, it is also the engineers’ duty to the public to make sure that the company acts in the public’s best interest. And if the engineers can not convince the company that what they are doing is wrong, then it is time to bring the act to the public’s attention. How to cite Whistle Blowing, Papers

To Be In The Image of God

Question: Describe the Article for "To Be In The Image of God". Answer: The Christian view proposes the gentle, loving and caring nature of the Christ and expects these virtues or qualities from the humans. To be in the image of God primarily talks about the goodness and the loving nature of God. According to Genesis," the Almighty created both male and female to peacefully live in this universe and nurture their abilities to think and do well[1]. The Christian view of being in the image of God tells about the selfless and sacrificial nature of the God. The Christian life is marked by love, generosity, kindness and sympathy for others and the preacher of God, Jesus himself is the true example of self-sacrifice and universal love that is the guides the Christian life. Christian life believes in living life with deep faith towards the Almighty and hard work that will eventually lead to a happy life. The Gospel tells that Christ is the divine power that saves all humans from any sufferings and pain. The Christian life, is also based on the theory of resurre ction after death and with this principle, they live their life[2]. Resurrection after death is only possible if the person does some good deeds during his lifetime. The Christians are not much bothered about the idol worship of God and believes in the universal presence of God. However, the "Protestant" does not believe in idol worshipping at all and thereby the Protestant churches do not have any idols. They mainly believe in simply praying the Almighty with deep faith and purity of soul. The Christians are the true believers of Christ and bore a deep notion of love, faith, and respect for the Almighty. However, many Christians become a nun to serve the society and lead a life of self-sacrifice and find themselves more close to the Almighty. To be in the image of God necessarily refers to the likeness or similarity of God and compassion here is an important point since the Christian life inspires people to have the virtue of compassion. To identify and acknowledge the sin is also a Christian way of living since this helps one to rectify his faults and move ahead. However, the essay further discusses the importance and the meaning of to be in the image of God. The essay brings forward several perspectives of the image of God, the message of God and the Christian way of living. Along with this, several important theories as mentioned in the Bible are also put forward in this essay. The essay in details highlights the important perspectives of the Christian life and their ideals and views that closely associate them with the Christ. Noll, in his book writes about the presence of the Christ in our day-to-day life and his influence on the lives of the humans. The reference is important in the context of this essay since it narrates the life of Christ, his approach towards the humanity. The book was published in the year, 2011 and gained much popularity with the masses. The book gives greater insight to the Christian life and shows how the message and preaching of the Christ can be incorporated in the lives of the humans. The main objective of this essay is to narrate about the image of God and thereby provide an insight to this topic in a broad way. Salzer, in her review talks about the creation of Adam and Eve, which is directly connected with the easy since it is from the creation of Adam and Eve the whole universe, is created and the whole humanity came into existence. The review tells about the Jews way of life and the innocence and purity of the children who are all very close to the Almighty. This reference is important in this context, which proves that the humans are in the image of God, and has the capabilities to nurture their abilities further. Anderson, Greg, Riverdale Baptist Church, and Yukon Whitehorse. "Lead Us Not Into Temptation And Deliver Us From Evil."Genesis3 (2014): 1-15. According to Anderson temptation is the cause of the downfall of humans since with temptation comes sin. This reference adds to the importance of the image of God since the image of God is free from all sorts of temptations. Jesus Christ himself faced many temptations in his course of life but he moved ahead, leaving aside those temptations. This teaches the true way of life and the importance of being morally upright. Andersons view in this aspect plays a major role and necessarily supports the perspectives of this essay. The journal written by Azadeh Sharif and Faiz Sathi Abdullah is important in this context since it represents the ideals and principles of Mother Teresa. The way Mother Teresa addressed the social issues and worked towards the development of the society truly reflects the image of God. The journal highlights the social services done by Mother Teresa for the helpless and the destitute. However, this reference provides the essay a new meaning and perspective since according to Christ doing noble work is the best way of living. Zachary in his book, Reading Blakes Songs describes the coexistence of innocence and experience which positively reflects the image of God. The book was published in the year, 2015 and created a huge impact on the readers. This reference is important here since the essay also focuses on the evil side of human existence. Evil goes hand in hand with good and this side of human nature generally remain embedded. However, the poems in The Songs of Experience are apt to define the wrath as well as the goodness of the Divine power. In this context, this reference helps to identify the dual nature humans and the scopes of improving oneself from evil to good. Michael in his journal writes about the disease of Dr. Hyde, the main character of the novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde which was published in the year, 2015. This may seem absurd in this context but it has its practical implications in this essay, which shows what evil can do to the humans. It is due to the greed of power, Dr Jekyll chooses to lead a double life but that brought about his destruction and death. However, this very reference necessarily shows the result of excessive greed, which does not reflect the image of God. This reference is necessary in the context of this essay since it describes the Christian way of life and shows how it helps the humanity to do good for others. Generosity is an important point here, which is the basic principle of Christian life that guides all the Christians. The focus of the essay being, the image of God and the likeness of humans with the Almighty, the virtue of generosity automatically come in the discussion and refer to the fact that being generous is being like God. Garret in his paper, Meaning in Life talks about the importance of human life and the reason of our existence in this world. It is only through the good deeds and thoughts that the humans receive a greater meaning and value of their existence. In the context of this essay, this reference is perfectly apt since it narrates the meaning and value of human life and shows the right path to follow to reach the Almighty. To be in the image of God is also about understanding the meaning and value of life without which proper actions and thinking is not possible. To be made in the image of God reflects the simplicity and godliness of the almighty. The grand and elevated qualities of God are expected to be in every human that will make the universe, a beautiful place to live in [3] .The essay primarily represents the different perceptiveness of the image of God and discusses the Christian view of God and life. God is not an entity but a presence that can only be felt. God can be found in the good work we do, in the smiling flowers, in the waves of the ocean and so on. To be made in the image of God is the best way of living in this universe since it reflects the abundance of good thoughts, good works, good service to the humankind and so on. God is the superior power that guides human in their journey of life and rewards them for their good deeds. God is the savior of all humans and takes care of the whole universe. The creation of Adam and Eve by the Almighty also comes in the discussion in this essay. The Christian view of God is holistic an d has a sympathetic approach towards the humankind. The Christian believe narrates that all humans are made from Adam and Eve and through humans, God wants to spread the message of love and peace. The paper represents an in-depth discussion of the importance and presence of God in our lives and how it is to be in the image of God. According to the story of Genesis, God told about creating humans in their image and thereby, the humans are expected to reflect the goodliness and love of God [4] Humans, unlike God, has a body of flesh and blood, but their soul or heart is the place where resides the Almighty. God created man as a rational being with sense and logic. It is when a man produces something materialistic whether it is an art, a construction, a book or music, it evidently reflects the fact that humans are made in the image of God. All humans according to the book of Bible are born innocent, and with time as they gain experience, they understand the difference between good and bad. It is when the man chooses the right or the lawful way of life, and it is proved that humans are made in the image of God. A perfect example to cite here is a newborn baby, who is just the very representative of God. A baby is said to be "God" since the baby is as innocent, meek and mild just like the Almighty. The smile of a b aby truly represents the holiness and the loving nature of the Almighty, who loves all humans, irrespective of their caste, creed, and color. Apart from this, the natural beauty that comprises of the rising of Sun, the singing of the birds and the flowing of the rivers reflects the presence of the Almighty. The book of "Genesis" talks about the association of man with God. In Eden, Adam and Eve were in close association with God and the same applies to all the humans as well[5]. Humans are social beings, and they cannot survive alone hence, they associate or mix with their friends, relatives and other society members. This association is also a form of bonding and a way of spreading love or showing generosity to the fellow humans in the society that the Almighty strongly advocates. The social relation and bonding are a proof of the fact that humans are necessarily made up in the form of God. The bonding of love between Adam and Eve is a universal example of love, which the Almighty wants to spread in this whole universe. According to the story of Adam and Eve, it can also be said that the liberty of the humans to make a choice is also about reflecting the image of God. The Almighty created Adam as a righteous man but Adams decision to disobey the order of the Almighty made him suffer. H e was further banished from the Garden of Eden to the earth. Thus, the choices the humans make and after that, the consequences that they face necessarily prove that the humans are a reflection of Gods principles and universal laws. The evil is also a part of the good and in this universe both evil and good coexists. Therefore the Almighty not only reflects the idea of good but also the idea of evil. A person who is engaged in something evil also reflects the image of God since from evil come repentance and from repentance comes purification of the soul. Evil is something temporary and the person doing so is necessarily a child of the God as told in Bible and that very person will eventually find out the right path of life with self-learning and understanding. To be in the image of God is always not about being good and generous, it also shows the negative sides of life and the learning that follows. To be in the image of God also puts forward the concept of innocence and experience that can be found in the poems of the famous poet, William Blake. Blake through his poems propagates many of the theories and concepts of God. His Songs of Innocence represents the calm, meek and generous sides of the God. For example, in the poem, Lamb the lamb can be stated to be the ultimate image of God, who does not have any knowledge of evil or experience and is as innocent as the Almighty [6] .The lamb in the poem symbolizes God or a spiritual entity that is far way from all the horrors and terrors of the world. The lamb is also interpreted to be the Christ, who is the symbol of universal love and peace and it truly defines that the lamb is made up in the image of God. William Blake in all his poems of Songs of Innocence represents his deep faith in the Almighty or the divine power. Blakes Songs of Innocence and "Songs of Experience" are two contrary states of human existence and represent the idea of the "paradise" and the "hell." Blake's poems like The Echoing Green, Infant Joy, On Anothers Sorrow and so on represent the very image of God. In this prospect the creator of such beautiful verse, keeping God as his central figure can also be said to be in the image of God. In the poem, Infant Joy the very gentle, happy and innocent image of God is represented, whereas the generous and caring nature of the Almighty is represented in the poem, "On Another's Sorrow." To be in the image of God is thereby an approach to have a close association with the divine power. The perspective of forgiveness can also be brought in this discussion since Jesus who is considered to be the son of the Almighty also forgave his punishers. Forgiveness is indeed a virtue according to the Christian Bible, and it makes a person great and more humane. Jesus was brutally crucified on a cross by his enemies and still, he asked for the forgiveness of his enemies from the Almighty [7] .This needs a great heart and a human exhibiting this quality can be said to be made in the image of God. Sin is also an important perspective here since sin is an essential and an unavoidable part of human life. It is only when a person commits sin, they understand the virtue of good, and they regret their action and from regret comes repentance. It is only when a person, truly repents that they receive the mercy of the Almighty. According to the Bible if a person truly understands his sin and wishes to rectify it he receives, God's compassion[8]. Temptation also forms an important perspect ive here, and the story of Christ's temptation is known by all. The story narrates how Christ rejected all the temptations that came his way while he was meditating in the Judean desert. Similarly, temptation can come in the lives of all humans, and it is how the humans handle those temptations and move ahead. Greed or temptations can divert a person from his aim but whether the person gives in the trap is an important question that decides the fate of the person. At some point in time, humans are allured to do something bad and evil in return of some money, position or treasure, but Christ through his example showed that it is not the right path of life. Therefore, to be in the image of God is also to stay away from temptations and to have a mighty soul to forgive people. This principle will help in making the universe a beautiful, loving and a peaceful place to live in. Therefore the different perspectives discussed in this essay about the likeness with the image of God vividly talks about essential virtues that the humankind should posses and thereby work towards changing the society and making it a beautiful place to live in. To be in the image of God also brings forward some great examples of the true Christian life towards the whole universe. Mother Teresa was given the title of Saint for her huge and selfless contribution towards the betterment of society[9]. Being a Roman Catholic, she grew with the values of generosity, love, and compassion. She can be said to be made in the image of God since she helped the deprived, the helpless masses of society. She left her home at an early age and came to Calcutta, in India where she spent the rest of her life. She worked for the poor, underprivileged people of the society and gave them a new life. All acknowledged her message of love, compassion, humanity and her great social works. The Christ preaches the message of love and unity and whosoever follows his message can be said to be made in the image of God. Reference: Acs, Zoltan J., Mary C. Boardman, and Connie L. McNeely. "The social value of productive entrepreneurship."Small Business Economics40.3 (2013): 785-796. Davies, Michael. "Bible: The Story of the King James Version 16112011."English Studies93.4 (2012): 497-499. Dwivedi, Amitabh Vikram. "Meaning of life."Social Alternatives34.2 (2015): 26. Gardner, Stanley.Blake's' innocence'and'experience'Retraced. AC Black, 2014. Lloyd-Jones, Sally.Jesus Storybook Bible: Every Story Whispers His Name. Zondervan, 2012. OConnor, Kathleen M. "Stammering Toward the Unsayable: Old Testament Theology, Trauma Theory, and Genesis."Interpretation70.3 (2016): 301-313.

Stonehenge Essays - Stonehenge, Henges, , Term Papers

Stonehenge Stonehenge is one of the worlds best known monuments of the ancient times. Stonehenge stood for over five thousand years, and still we do not know the full use of this mysterious arrangement of stones. Stonehenge remains as an ancient monument that still propose mysteries to it origin and purpose. At first, scientists had no clue as to who built Stonehenge. The Romans, Egyptians, and the Phoenicians were all suggested to have been a possible creator of Stonehenge. Later study proved that none of these cultured built Stonehenge. The truth of Stonehenge is that three different cultures contributed to this megalithic monument. The first group began construction around 3100 B.C.. Neolithic herdsmen began the first step in the construction of Stonehenge. The first part of this monument began as a modest circular ditch. Within this circle 56 holes were dug. These hole, later named Aubrey Holes after their discoverer, presented mysteries to scientists for years. These strange holes served two purposes. The first, and more important reason, is that these holes acted as a lunar calender. The moon has a cycle for it's eclipses. Once a lunar eclipse occurs, another will not happen for nineteen years. After those nineteen years, the moon will, once again, eclipse. The next, and final, eclipse of this cycle occurs eighteen years after the previous eclipse. These years add up to be fifty-six. Scientists believe that a stone was placed in one hole in the circle. Each year, the stone would be moved to the next hole. This way the ancient people could keep track of the moon. The other reason has a morbid side to it. In some of the Aubrey holes, remains of humans were discovered. These remains were first cremated, then put into the holes. This suggests that Stonehenge could have acted as a burial site, and possibly a temple in which human sacrifices were made. None of these theories have been proven, but these reasons are the only feasible explanation to these holes. The second period is that which the most data can be found on. The second period began at about 2100B.C.. The Beaker people, a group which worshiped the sun, added to the monument it's first large stones. The first thing done is that any of the stones that were already there were removed. Next, thirty large stones were brought to the site. The stones, each weighing well over five tons, were to act as the pillars of the new monument. These stones were called the Sarsen Stones, stemming from what they are made of. These stones, however, are only two-thirds above ground. The other third is buried to keep the huge pillar from toppling over. The Beaker people created two concentric circles, the inner circle measuring seventy four meters in diameter, and the outer circle eighty six meters. The outer circle was later named the Sarsen Circle. The inner circle was never completed, and no one has any evidence as to why. It appears that they just stopped, without cleaning up or removing any of the old stones. Some speculate that the project was to large that it seemed insurmountable the Beaker people. The third period began at about 1550 B.C.. The Wesset culture was going to add their touch to the growing monument. The Wesset culture decided to dismantle the work of the Beaker people, but decided on a similar design. They decided to construct a circle around the same point the Beaker people used for their circle. On top of each pillar, however, a large rectangular stone was placed, with each side resting on neighboring pillars. This created a continuous circle all around the monument. Instead of a smaller circle within the larger circle, the Wesset culture placed a simple horse-shoe. The horse-shoe, just as the large circle, was capped with large rectangular stones. ?Given the distance they had to travel, this presented quite a transportation problem.?(Lacy, www.britannia.com/travel/magical/magic12.htm). The problem of getting the stones to the building site was large enough to stop most people from even attempting such a project. There were to ways used to deliver the massive stones to the building site. The first was by land. Giant carts were constructed to carry the smaller stones. The stones were loaded

buy custom Peloponnesian War and Oedipus Tyrannus essay

buy custom Peloponnesian War and Oedipus Tyrannus essay The Peloponnesian war refers to a fight that occurred between the Athenian empire and the Peloponnesian. The attack was initiated and led by Sparta. The war has been split into three distinct phases by various historians. The phases are the Archidamian War (or first phase), the Peloponnese Fight (or second phase) and, finally, the Decelean War (or third phase). These three phases of the war were characterized by signing of various treaties such the Peace of Nicias, massive use of force during attacks and often repeated invasions of the cities. During the Decelean phase, Sparta fortunately received support from Persia (Thucydides Lattimore 17). There were numerous migrations as most people were abandoning their homes due to the tension and fear of the war. The war was characterized by destitute of capital, non-agricultural activities, reduced trading activities and the rich occupied large masses of land. Causes of the War According to Bagnall, the war was as a result of extreme greed by Athens which led it to attempt taking full control of the whole land of Greece. In response to this behavior of Athens, Sparta initiated a war so as to help itself as well as other oppressed cities of Greece. Sparta wanted Peloponnesians to have independence (Bagnall 213). In order to achieve this mission of saving itself and other cities from Athens control, Sparta had to form alliances with other smaller cities of Greece. It then sent its army to Athens in 430 BC. Disagreements between the two states started after Sparta rejected and prevented the proposed reconstruction of the great walls of Athens. According to Kagan, Sparta made the move so that it would be able to rule the defenseless Athens (Kagan 43). However, the real fight began in around 460 BC, when a rebellion broke up in Sparta. During this period, Sparta had to seek military support from its friendly nations, including Athens, but it surprisingly rejected the forces that sent by Athens to it. Kagan suggests that Spartas action was due to the fear of Athens forces changing their military aid mission and supporting the rebellions instead. As a confirmation of these allegations, Athens resettled the rebellious helot in the city of Naupactus after they were forced to surrender and exiled form Sparta (Kagan 67). In 460 BC, Athens again took advantage of a conflict between Megara and Corinth to form an alliance with Megara and initiated a war against Sparta that lasted for more than fifteen years. Megara and Corinth were both allies of Sparta. Another source of aggravation of the conflicts between the two states was the imposition of the Megara decree, a sanction that barred trade with citizens of Megara. DeSouza asserts that the Peloponnesian war was caused by persistent differences that existed between Athens and Sparta (De Souza 81). In Athens, there was democracy whereas Sparta had a military led government. He states that certain cities were overwhelmed with the fear that Athens would grab their power while others were not happy with Athens spending of the Delian money. According to Bagnall, Pericles punishment on cities that resisted Athens further catalyzed the speared of the war. Sparta finally declared war against Athens in 431 BC. During the regime of Pericles, Athens became overcrowded and people could easily get infected by disease. Plague spread steadily killing more than two thirds of Athens population, thereby weakening its forces and defense system, including the Pericles (Bagnall 142). Impacts of the War The war had a great impact on ancient Greece. Economically, the war left Grece in a miserable economic condition. The city of Athens was not able to regain its economic state and prosperity that it used to enjoy before the war, while Peloponnese suffered from skyrocketing inflation rates and increased poverty. Politically, the war between the two states resulted in frequent civil wars between cities of Greece. Being in conflict with another city became a norm for the states. The Peloponnesian war resulted into massive destruction of most cities of Greece. It also led to deaths of thousands of the Greeks. In addition, all the Greek states suffered from economic and military losses irrespective of whether or not a city was involved in the wars. The prestigious wealth, policies, and power of Athens led to umbrage, anger and bitterness among other cities of Greece. One of its major effects was the long-term weakening of city-states for more than 50 years. Athens, which was once the strongest city in Greece, was terribly reduced to a helpless and vulnerable state whereas its rival Sparta gained full momentum and power to become the leader of Greece. End of the War The war eventually ended after a severe destruction of Athens fleet at Aegospotami which forced it to deliberately surrender the fight. In 404 BC, Athens was forced to surrender to Sparta after the fight continued for another fifteen years, despite the signing of the Truce Agreement in 420 BC to bring the war to a halt. Athens Recovery There are various factors that led to the successful recovery of Athens. First, the enemies of Athens did not have enough force, strength and drive to bring down Athens, for instance, Sparta lacked the urge to send its military troops to Athens. Athens also received support from other Ionian states that required protection. Persia, on the other hand, deliberately delayed its promise to furnish Sparta with funds and army ships. This led to more and more frustrations of Spartas battle plans and strategies during the war. Consequently, Athena was able to win and recover most portions of its empire between 410 BC and 400 BC. Similarly, Athens shrewdly set aside some finances and more than one hundred and fifty ships that it would use as the last resort during the war. Rusten and Thucydides suggest that Alcibiades; use of less coercion also rapidly facilitated the process of restoring democracy in Athens. He was able to achieve this within a period of only two years (Rusten Thucydides 69). Athens after War In 403 BC, Athens was able to overthrow the oligarchs after a short period of suspension of Athens democracy. Similarly, the Corinthian war made it possible for Athens to recover its lost power during the Peloponnesian war. Lessons from the War According to Lattimore and Thucydides, countries that wage should learn from the Peloponnesian war that they can easily lose their power, control and supremacy despite their fights to gain it. When Athens was attacked by Sparta, a large number of its citizens migrated and settled behind the walls of the city (Thucydides Lattimore 51). This led to overcrowding and consequently poor living standards which eventually led to outbreaks of diseases and plagues. He further advises that countries should try as possible as they can to avoid conflicts with their neighbors. Oedipus Tyrannus This play was first performed in 426 BC, just a few years after the plague that hard hit Athens. At the beginning of the story, Oedipus finds himsellf in the city where there was the plague. He attempts to elate the plague. He then comes to realize that the plague would only end after the murder of Laius is identified. Oedipus was determined to pursue the truth but he later realized that he was the actual murder of his own father. This drives him to carry out investigations and develops a series of questions in his efforts of finding out the murderer of Laius, not knowing that he was the one who killed him in a three-way road. Similarly, he later on realizes that the same way he killed Laius, his real father. It is crammed when neverending questions from Oedipus and his condemnation of those who did not want to reveal the truth about the death of Laius (Gaylord 65). Oedipus exhibits extreme arrogance and violence as he searches for the murderer. The play revolves around a king who is humbled by a series of mysterious events beyond his control from extreme supremacy and seeks help form a blind woman. It was a tragic for a king of such high profile to be brought down to high poverty levels. Lessons from the Play The play explores different themes, state control among them. This theme can be paralleled with the conflicts that emerged between different states of the ancient Greek. From the story we learn how one may fall due to the unknown circumstance. It also shows us the disadvantages of destructive use of power and excessive pride. The play is about King Oedipus. It begins by the king sending his brother-in-law to seek help for the problems that were being encountered in his empire. When Creon goes to a priest, he is told that the problems were due to the religious pollution that resulted after the killing of King Laius (Segal 141). When Oedipus called for the priest, he refuses to speak on arrival. Oedipus becomes raged with this act and orders the priest to be killed. The priest further insists that the murder of King Laius was Oedipus plan. Visionary leadership King Oedipus in the play resembles a dictator king who uses force and coercion to rule. The writer emphasizes on the good qualities of a king such as love for his state and the people. A good king should not be self-centered or be proud. From the Peloponnesian war and Oedipus, it is evidenced that kings usually fall due to the bad ruling of the people who consequently form rebellions to overthrow their governments. In this play, Oedipus is portrayed a leader who will always pursues his own personal interest, is overconfident about himself and quick to angers. According to Gaylord, King Oedipus resembles that various characters of current political leaders who make citizens of their countries live in hopelessness, fear and desperation (Gaylord 127). Conclusion In my opinion, it would be easier for one to understand Oedipus Tyrannus play when he/she has heard of the Peloponnesian war. This is because there is a direct relationship between the play and the war. Actually, the play was sent just a few years after the Peloponnesian war within the same setting or environment. The play sets similar themes as the lessons that were learnt during and after the war. In my view, King Oedipus can be compared with Athens that was taking advantage of its economical, social and political supremacy to exercise control on other cities. This behavior of Athens can be directly linked to King Oedipus character of dictatorship. Both the play and Peloponnesian war provide valuable lessons to states that the use of force and conflicts as a way of acquiring power over other nations. The play was best set for colonies. Buy custom Peloponnesian War and Oedipus Tyrannus essay

Grahams Formula for Diffusion and Effusion

Graham's Formula for Diffusion and Effusion Grahams law expresses the relationship between the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas and the gass molar mass. Diffusion describes the spreading of a gas throughout a volume or a second gas, while effusion describes the movement of a gas through a tiny hole into an open chamber. In 1829, Scottish chemist Thomas Graham determined, through experimentation, that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas particle mass and to its density. In 1848, he showed that the rate of effusion of a gas is also inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas. Grahams law also shows that the kinetic energies of gases are equal at the same temperature. Grahams Law Formula Grahams law states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas: r ∠ 1/(M) ½ or r(M) ½ constant ï » ¿where r rate of diffusion or effusion and M molar mass. Generally, this law is used to compare the difference in rates between between two different gases: Gas A and Gas B.  The law assumes that the temperature and pressure are the same for the  two gases.  When Grahams law is used for such a comparison, the formula is written: rGas A/rGas B (MGas B) ½/(MGas A) ½ Example Problems One way to apply Grahams law is to determine whether one gas will effuse more quickly or slowly than another and to quantify the difference in rate. For example, if you want to compare the rates of effusion of hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2), you use the molar masses of the gases (two for hydrogen and 32 for oxygen) and relate them inversely: rate H2/rate O2 321/2 / 21/2 161/2 / 11/2 4/1 The equation shows that hydrogen gas molecules effuse four times more quickly than oxygen molecules. Another type of Grahams law problem may ask you to find the molecular weight of a gas if you know the identity of one gas and the ratio between the rates of effusion of two different gases. This problem can be expressed as: M2 M1Rate12 / Rate22 A practical application of Grahams law is uranium enrichment. Natural uranium consists of a mixture of isotopes, each of which has a slightly different mass. In gaseous diffusion, uranium ore is made into uranium hexafluoride gas, which is repeatedly diffused through a porous substance. Each time, the material that passes through the pores becomes more concentrated in U-235 (the isotope used to generate nuclear energy). This is because the isotope diffuses at a faster rate than U-238, which is heavier.

Career paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career paper - Essay Example I would like to become a property manager in Colliers International. This firm is a renowned real estate agency that has been in operational for the past couple of years. As an international firm, the company has managed to gain worldwide recognition in the real estate business hence making them one of the best in the market. As a rule, I always work want to work with the best in the field of my choice. I believe that this real estate work will provide me with satisfaction since it is what has been a family business for the past 20 years. With me getting that post will be the greatest thing that has ever happened in our family. In my goals, making a choice to do property management course in a reputable university is my first target. In order to get to do property management course, one should have scored a good grade in high school, something which I am aware. Therefore, it will be through hard-work and support that I will be able to achieve the high grades in high school. That means spending hours in my study room and consulting with my teachers. After that, I would have to gain entry into a reputable university that offers real estate courses, in particular, property management. In the four years that I will be in campus, means I have to also score good grades in order to attain a first class honors. This will entail a lot of sacrifice from my part since University life is not as easy like high school due to a lot of temptation from friends. I would stay away from being influenced by peer pressure and stay focused on my course. I will attend all lessons so as not to miss anything and constantly revise my notes. Furthermore, I would seek help from my senior lectures in regard to tips in property management. Eventually, after attaining my first class honors, I would apply for a job of a junior property manager at our county, so as to gain experience of the matter. I will dedicate my time in ensuring that I

What were the major reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in Essay

What were the major reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 - Essay Example To begin with, the collapse of the Soviet Union was much a consequential effect of poor managerial aspects of the political system inexistence. Established in 1922 under Vladimir Lenin, Soviet Union was built on terror upon the larger citizenry, orchestrated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) machinery engineered by Joseph Stalin, the party’s first General Secretary. Intolerant to any form of criticism, Stalin basically murdered millions opposed to his authoritarian nature of leadership; a style of leadership that would set the tone of communism for several decades, in effect, forcefully actualizing the acceptance of the Soviet Union’s governance with all the ills without questioning. In addition to his firm grip on the government machinery, his policy of dà ©tente basically cut off the Soviets from the world. His leadership was one of a kind that non-would have wanted to follow. Accordingly, long before Gorbachev’s assumed power in 1985, successi ve leadership beginning with Nikita Khrushchev-the immediate Stalin’s successor, made numerous changes; gradually losing the very fundamental facets of the Stalinist control (Dallin and Lapidise 675). As ideas from the west, spread in part by academics, begun reaching the masses, commitments to the Soviet Orthodoxy begun a fast downward trend; the exposure to the superior living standards in the west in addition to the political freedoms resulted in widespread jitters in the late seventies through to the Eighties ultimately forcing the introduction of Gorbachev’s ‘glasnost’ (Dallin and Lapidise 681). Instead of rectifying the hitherto growing dissatisfaction, the ‘glasnost’ unveiled the ills of the past regimes, further bringing into question the ideals of communism and legitimacy of the regime in power then. In reality, ideologies advanced by Gorbachev and his

Alcohol and Teens Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Teens Essay Amber Valley Primary School was closed 6 months ago by Amber Borough Council (ABC), the local education authority, which owns all the land and buildings. The school has been standing empty while ABC attempts to find a buyer for the site. Although ABC placed fencing around the site, local residents reported that youths had broken into the site on a number of occasions. Last week a group of youths from a nearby young offenders institution, operated by Chigley Services Ltd (CS) under contract to the Home Office, broke into the disused school and set fire to it. The youths had been clearing rubbish from a neighbouring stream and were supposed to have been under the supervision of Justin and Jason, both of whom are CS employees. However, Justin and Jason had gone for a cigarette break and left the youths unsupervised at the time the break-in occurred. The fire caused damage to neighbouring property including a bakers shop owned by Mark. It is likely to be many weeks before the business can reopen and Mark stands to lose many thousands of pounds in lost profits. It later transpired that the fire would not have had time to spread to neighbouring property had the Fire Brigade acted more swiftly. The Amber Valley Fire engine was unavailable at the time and another engine had to be dispatched from Leicester. The crew got lost on the way because they put the wrong address in the sat-nav (satellite navigation) device. Advise Mark in respect of any claims he may have (if any). In this question, we are asked to advise Mark as to the possible claims he might have. On the facts, the defendants are Justin and Jason, Chigley Services and the Fire Brigade. Several issues must be taken into consideration, we must determine on the facts whether there can be any possible claims on the economic loss that Mark has suffered due to the fire. Also, we must decide whether the fire brigade’s omission and Justin and Jason’s act would amount to negligence. Besides, whether Chigley Services would be vicariously liable will be discussed below. On the facts, Justin and Jason who were supposed to be supervising the youths had gone for a cigarette break which ended up in the break-in of the school which later caused a fire to Mark’s shop. Based on this, Mark can try to sue Justin and Jason for negligence in tort. The test of negligence was formulated by Lord Atkin in the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson1. For a successful claim of negligence to be established, four elements have to be proven. The four elements are duty of care, breach of duty of care, causation and remoteness. Thus, the first thing the courts need to do is to prove negligence in establishing a duty of care. As the law evolves, the current test for duty of care is now in the case of Caparo v Dickman2. The Caparo test is a threefold test which requires three elements to be satisfied. The first requirement is that at the time of the negligent act, it must be reasonably foreseeable that damage or injury would be caused to the particular defendant in the case, or to a class of people to which he or she belongs, rather than just people in general. 3 Thus, foresight is always a critical factor and it will be objectively assessed. A good example of this can be seen in the case of Palsgraf v Long Island 1 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 2 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 3 C Elliott F Quinn, Tort Law (8th edn Pearson, Gosport 2011) 22 Railroad4 where it was held that it could not reasonably be foreseen that pushing a passenger would cause harm to someone standing a few feet away thus there is no duty of care. However, in the case of Bhamra v Dubb5, the Court of Appeal (COA) held that a duty of care is owed because a reasonable man would have foreseen that his act is likely to result in harm. Similarly, in our question, Justin and Jason who were in charge of supervising the youths did not carry out their duty properly. Moreover, the fact that the youths here are from an offenders institution further strengthens the likelihood of them carrying out offences while unsupervised. Thus, it is highly likely that a reasonable man would have foreseen damage or injury could have occurred following his acts. The second requirement is that there must be a legal proximity, meaning that there must be in law a relationship between the claimant and defendant. However, we must be clear that the defendant does not necessarily have to know the claimant, this is explained in the case of Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities6 by Goff LJ. He pointed out that it is the situation they were both put which determines whether the defendant could reasonably be expected to have foreseen that damage to the claimant could result from his or her actions. In the case of Watson v British Boxing Board of Control7, there was held to be 4 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad 162 NE 99 5 Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13 6 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd [1986] QB 507 7 Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 sufficient proximity to give rise to a duty of care because the Board was the only body in the UK which could license professional boxing matches and thus giving them full control and responsibility for a situation that is highly likely to result in harm if reasonable care was not exercised. Lord Atkin quoted Lord Esher in Le Lievre v Gould8, ‘If one man is near to another, or near to the property of another, a duty lies on him not to do that which may cause a personal injury to the other, or may injure his property’. 9 As per the facts on our question, in that situation it is highly likely that it could reasonably be expected the youths might break into or cause damage to any of the property nearby, without the need of identifying the owner of the property. Moreover, Justin and Jason had complete control and responsibility of the youths’ performance. From here, it is very possible that the courts would be able to establish proximity between Justin and Jason with Mark. The third requirement is that it must be just and reasonable to impose a duty on the defendant. This requirement often overlaps with the first and second requirement. For example, arguments relating to proximity could also be seen as arguments relating to justice and reasonableness. However, when the third requirement is specifically referred to, it normally means the foreseeability and proximity requirement are met but the claim could be denied based on public 8 Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 9 From a speech made by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson at 508 in producing the concept of neighborhood. policy grounds. In the case of McFarlene v Tayside Health Board10, a duty of care was denied on the grounds that it was not just and reasonable to give compensation for birth of a healthy child. It is also established in Jain v Strategic Health Authority11 that it is not fair and reasonable to impose a duty when it conflicts with another duty owed to another party. As per the facts, it is fair and reasonable because Justin and Jason were hired to supervise the youths but they didn’t carry out their duty, thus resulting in damage to Mark’s bakery. It doesn’t make sense for there to be public policy reasons for denying a claim of duty of care on Justin and Jason. Thus, if the three elements of the Caparo test could be satisfied, a duty of care towards Mark can be established. Assuming that a duty of care is established, we then need to prove breach in order to establish negligence. Breach of a duty arises when the defendant’s conduct has fallen below the reasonable standard expected of a reasonable man in that particular situation. The ‘reasonable man’ test is seen in the case of Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks. 12 This essentially means that it would not be relevant even if the defendant thinks that his conduct is fine. In our question, it must be shown that the standard of Justin and Jason’s conduct was unreasonable owing to the failure in supervising the youths. Here, two 10 McFarlene v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All ER 961. 11 Jain v Strategic Health Authority [2009] 2 WLR 248 12 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks [1856] 11 Exch 781 questions must be asked, namely, what is the required standard and whether the conduct has fallen short of the standard. In terms of the first question, the legal standard is to take such care as would be taken by a reasonable man in that circumstances. This is explained in the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council13 and is determined objectively. For the second question, Mark should be advised that the standard needed becomes whether Justin and Jason acted with the level of skill and competency that is expected from someone in their position. According to common sense, the main purpose that Chigley Services hired Justin and Jason is to ensure that they supervise the youths and prevent them from doing damage or harm to others. On the facts, the break-in of the school occurred because Justin and Jason had gone for a cigarette break when they were supposed to be supervising. Since they defeated the main purpose of their recruitment, it is unlikely that they have acted according to a reasonable standard. If breach can be found, we need to establish causation next. This means that Justin and Jason’s breach must have caused damage to Mark’s baker shop. The first issue we have to deal with is whether the damage would have resulted but for the breach of the duty, this is known as the factual causation or ‘but for’ test. A clear example can be seen in the case Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee14, it was held that the defendants did owe a 13 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 14 Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 duty of care and had breached it, but causation could not be established because the claimant would still have died even though the duty of care was not breached. To establish factual causation, we must be satisfied that damage would not have occurred but for Justin and Jason’s breach of duty. On the facts, it is clear that Mark’s baker shop would not have caught fire if Justin and Jason had been supervising the youths and preventing them from setting the fire. However, this will be determined on the balance of probabilities. There is still a very small possibility that even if Jason and Justin had been supervising the youth all the time, the youths might still act beyond their control. Nevertheless, this is quite unlikely thus it is highly likely that the but for test can be satisfied. Regarding the last requirement of negligence, even though Justin and Jason were the factual cause of damage to Mark’s baker shop, they must also be the legal cause. It means that the damage must be a type that could reasonably be foreseen and not too remote. This is explained in the case of Wagon Mound No. 115 where a test of remoteness was applied. This test requires that the damage is foreseeable and if so, the defendant would be liable to the full extent of the damage even though that extent might not be foreseeable. On the facts, it is arguably foreseeable that any damage could arise if the youths were left unsupervised. The damage to Mark’s baker shop is 15 Wagon Mound No. 1 [1961] AC 388 also unlikely to be remote. Therefore, it appears that Mark has a valid claim of negligence against Justin and Jason. However, Mark should also be advised that he has an alternative of pursuing his claim against the Home Office and Chigley Services under the doctrine of vicarious liability. This would be more desirable because there is better guarantee of compensation if won. This doctrine renders employers legally liable for the acts of their employees. This is justified because employers normally have better insurance and also benefits from their employees’ action, it is acceptable for them to run the risk of taking responsibility for actions of their employees. However, as per the facts, Chigley Services was under a contract to the Home Office. Applying the principle stated by Lord Widgery in the case of Salsbury v Woodland16, Chigley Services had been employed by the Home Office as independent contractor that does work on its behalf, therefore the Home Office will not be liable for any tort committed by the contractor in the course of employment. Whereas, Chigley Services and Justin and Jason had a contract of services which renders themselves vicariously liable for their acts. Therefore, a claim against Chigley Services would be more likely to succeed than a claim against the Home Office. In order to establish vicarious liability, the person who committed the tort must be an employee of the defendant. 17 As per the facts, it is 16 Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 KB 191 17 Available at http://www. lawteacher. net/free-law-essays/vicariousliability. php accessed 17 January 2014 clear that Justin and Jason are employees, so the first hurdle is cleared. The issue here is whether the tort is committed in the course of employment. In the case of Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport18, Lord Wright held that the negligent act was done for the employee’s own purposes but that doesn’t prevent the employer from being vicariously liable because it was nevertheless part of his job, even though not done in the way the employer had wanted. 19 Applying this on our facts, Justin and Jason were performing their job by supervising the youths, but they went for a cigarette break on their own convenience. According to case law, this is nevertheless to be considered to be done in the course of employment even though not in the way intended by the employer. Another case which bears a similar facts of failing to supervise is the case of Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office20. The Home Office in this case was liable and therefore responsible for the damage caused. Therefore, it is highly likely that Chigley Services would be vicariously liable for the tort on the same grounds, Mark can choose to sue them directly. Furthermore, there’s a possibility that Chigley Services might argue that their employees were acting on the ‘frolic of his own’ and thus not within the course of employment. However, this is probably harder to be proved although it would eventually be decided by the court. Lastly, because vicarious 18 Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport [1942] 1 All ER 491 19 Hepple and Matthews’, Tort Cases and Materials (6th edn OUP, New York 2009) 1079 20 Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 liability is a form of joint liability, Mark can also try sueing Justin and Jason at the meantime even though in practice usually only the employer is sued. Besides, the Home Office might want to use the fire brigade as defence, by trying to argue negligence on the part of the fire brigade. On the facts, the fire would not have had time to spread to neighbouring property had the fire brigade acted more swiftly. The issue to be discussed here is whether negligence can be established on the fire brigade. Thus, the first step in establishing negligence is to determine the existence of a duty of care. However, the issue here is that there has been no positive acts on the part of the fire brigade. In the case of Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd21, Lord Goff held that the general rule in negligence is that a duty to act will not be imposed in relation to a failure to act. 22 However, there are a number of exceptions in which the judge held that there is a positive obligation to act and could give rise to breach of duty if not acted upon. In our question, the fire services is involved. There have been a number of case laws regarding this aspect, we need to look into it in deciding whether a duty of care is owed. Mark might want to argue that by answering the call, the fire brigades have assumed responsibility and thus have a duty of care. However, the court is likely to reject this idea on the grounds that Mark 21 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 22 S Deakin, A Johnston B Markesinis, Markesinis And Deakin’s Tort Law (7th edn OUP, Hampshire 2013) 178 could have at least taken some precautions to prevent the fire from spreading while the fire brigade was on its way. Moreover, in the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council23, Stuart-Smith LJ held that the fire brigade is not under a common law duty to answer calls for help and is not under a duty to take care to do so either. Furthermore, the common law has never really accepted the existence of a common law duty to go, proactively, to the assistance of needy members of the general public. 24 In the case of Kent v Griffiths25, a distinction between public services, namely the ambulance and fire brigades, was drawn. It was argued that the ambulance service generally owes a duty of care, unlike fire brigades that generally do not owe a duty of care. This is on the basis that for ambulance service normally the number of casualties and extent of injury is known or predictable, and thus a duty of care should be upheld. In the case of firefighting, it is agreed that fire spread very fast and the number of people and property that might get affected is uncertain and unpredictable, thus imposing a duty of care on fire brigades is unfair and would lead to a floodgate of litigation. 26 Nevertheless, In the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council which was mentioned above, a duty of care was found, but it could be 23 Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 24 M Vranken, ‘Duty to Rescue in Civil Law and Common Law’ (1998) 47 Intl Comp. L. Q. 934-942 25 Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 WLR 1158 26 Available at http://www. johnhardcastle. co. uk/2013/09/02/the-duty-of-care-owed-by-a-fire-service accessed 18 January 2014 distinguished with the other cases. It was held that a duty of care could be imposed in certain circumstances, for instance when additional danger was created by the negligence of the fire brigades. 27 As per our facts, the fire brigades were late because not enough vehicles could be dispatched at that time and the vehicle from Leicester lost its way hence causing the delay in arrival. As opposed to Kent v Griffiths, here there’s a good reason why the fire brigade was late. Besides, there is no evidence of the fire brigades causing additional danger. Lastly, there are policy reasons28 why a duty of care should not be owed in general, this was shown in the case of John Munroe v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority29. It was argued that imposing a duty of care on fire brigade will not improve its efficiency but instead it may lead to defensive firefighting. In the case of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority30, it was held that imposing a burden of emergency services will only distract it from the proper task of fighting fire. Above all these, one should also look at the ‘value of the activity’, when it involves cases of fire services. This was found in the case of Watt v Herdford 27 Available at http://www. independent. co. uk/news/people/law-report-no-duty-owed-to-owner-by-atte nding-and-fighting-fire-1266268. html accessed 18 January 2014 28 Available at http://sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_material/tort/1_duty/5_duty_fair_just. htm accessed 18 January 2014 29 John Munroe Ltd v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 983 30 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority [1997] 2 All ER 865 County Council31 which argues that duty should not be imposed because of public benefit that is involved in the activity. Moreover, it can be argued that there is no sufficient proximity between Mark and the fire brigade because firstly the fire brigade is not a local one and secondly, in contrast with the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council, the fire brigade were not negligent in making the situation worse. Hence, applying all these on our question, it is highly likely that a duty of care could not be found. Since a duty of care could not be found, there won’t be a breach of duty. Accordingly, the third and fourth element of negligence could not be established, meaning that it is impossible for negligence to be established on the part of the fire brigades. Now the last issue is whether Mark can have any redress on the economic loss which was incurred through the negligent act of Justin and Jason. With regards to economic losses, it is a matter of policy. The position is clearly represented in the case of Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co32. It was decided that only physical damage to property and economic loss arising from damage to property can be recovered. Pure economic loss cannot be recovered in tort. Applying this on our case, the losses that Mark might want to recover are probably losses he is expected to suffer before his baker shop gets back into business. 31 Watt v Herdford County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835 32 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co [1973] 1 QB 27 This is considered as pure economic loss as it is losses that does not directly result from personal injury or damage to property. However, as confirmed in the case of Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering33, pure economic loss is not recoverable. Pure economic loss is speculative and thus tort does not protect speculative interest. There are two reasons why the law of negligence is reluctant to allow claims for pure economic loss. Firstly, this would open the floodgate to litigations. Moreover, the possible economic loss may be astronomical and incalculable. Secondly, contract was the means by which economic loss is to be compensated and the courts are unwilling to interfere with this. Nevertheless, Mark should be advised that he might also try recovering losses arising from the damaged bread and the profit for the damaged bread. This is probably recoverable as the damage is the kind that is foreseeable. Thus, it is highly likely that Mark will be able to recover his losses except for pure economic loss. In conclusion, it is highly possible that negligence can be established on the part of Justin and Jason. However, because of the doctrine of vicarious liability, Mark is also able to sue Chigley Services which is vicariously liable. In practice, normally only the employer is sued but it is still possible for Mark to pursue his claims from both. As for the fire brigade, it is unlikely that a duty of care is owed, thus negligence will not be established. Lastly, although pure economic loss 33 Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering [1997] 83 BLR 136 is not recoverable, he can still bring a claim against Justin and Jason and Chigley Services for other economic losses he suffered. Bibliography Books Elliott C Quinn F, Tort Law (8th edn Pearson, Gosport 2011) Deakin S, Johnston A Markesinis B, Markesinis And Deakin’s Tort Law (7th edn OUP, Hampshire 2013) Hepple and Matthews’, Tort Cases and Materials (6th edn OUP, New York 2009) Articles Vranken M, ‘Duty to Rescue in Civil Law and Common Law’ (1998) 47 Intl Comp. L. Q. 934-942 Electronic Sources Hardcastle J, ‘The Duty of Care Owed by a Fire Service’ http://www. johnhardcastle. co. uk/2013/09/02/the-duty-of-care-owed-by- a-fire-service accessed 18 January 2014 O’Hanlon K, ‘No Duty Owed to Owner by Attending and Fighting Fire’ http://www. independent. co. uk/news/people/law-report-no-duty-owed-to -owner-by-attending-and-fighting-fire-1266268. html accessed 18 January 2014 Mike Souper, ‘Fair Just Reasonable or Policy Considerations’. http://sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_material/tort/1_duty/5_duty_ fair_just. htm accessed 18 January 2014 Law Teacher, ‘Vicarious Liability’ http://www. lawteacher. net/free-law-essays/vicariousliability. php accessed 17 January 2014 Table of Cases United Kingdom Cases Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13. Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks [1856] 11 Exch 781 Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport [1942] 1 All ER 491 Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Jain v Strategic Health Authority [2009] 2 WLR 248 John Munroe Ltd v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 983 Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 WLR 1158 Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering [1997] 83 BLR 136 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd [1986] QB 507 McFarlene v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All ER 961 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad 162 NE 99 Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 KB 191 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co [1973] 1 QB 27 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority [1997] 2 All ER 865 Wagon Mound No. 1 [1961] AC 388 Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 Watt v Herdford County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835.

Writing Technology :: Writing Technology Technological Papers

Writing Technology How many times in an average day does one think about how their shoes were made, and how the invention has evolved over the years? A person could never know the full extent of it until they tried to make a pair with only the simplest of materials to use. It is so easy to say that society does not know what they have until it is gone. For this project every tool that I have ever used for writing was taken away, and it left me more than a little frustrated. It is so hard to think about going through a day without a pen, pencil, or marker to use at will. These things have become as standard as the shoes we wear on our feet. Society knows why it has them, but they do not know to what extent until they are taken away or simplified beyond recognition. There is so much thought that has to go into making something to write with. Ideas can become so complex and intricate. Most of the ideas that I came up with were just too much in the sense that I was making it harder than it needed to be. Being that I am an impatient person, I was looking for something that I could do pretty quickly. I started to look at what was available to me, and I realized that hey I live in Michigan; there are a lot of rocks around. I did not want to lug a bunch of huge, heavy things around, and so I focused on the smaller pebbles and stones instead. I found a sandy area close to where I found the rocks, and shaped small piles of them into letters. This idea was a decent one by my standards, and it was legible when it was completed. I formed the word ‘rock’ with the stones. Toward the end I did get lazy though and used twigs I found for the last letter. Upon finishing, I realized the final outcome would last for a while, but it is not transportable. This could be a problem in a more realistic setting. I can not imagine taking notes in class with stones and having to leave it there. This would make studying nearly impossible. After contemplating this for a while I came up with a plan of attack. Many ideas that have come about in the technology of writing have built on other ideas (Baron, Dennis, 36).

1970 Jsu Shooting

Destiny Bowie Instructor C. Liegh McInnis English 105-11 September 29, 2012 Understanding the Causes of the 1970 Jackson College Shooting The 1970 Jackson College shooting occurred May 14, 1970. There were many different aspects that lead to the shooting. There was a lot of tension between the white motorist and the JSC students over Lynch Street. Another aspect that contributed to the Jackson College shooting was the development of JSC into a major institution with programs equal to that those offered at white institutions.The last aspect was that police over reaction or poor reaction to an event that had nothing to do with JSC. If society researched and discovered the real reasons behind the JSC shooting they’ll see how much of a big incident JSC has overcome as a whole. The tensions on the way Lynch Street ran right into the heart of the University was a very large aspect that led to the shooting. With Lynch Street being the only way to get from one city in Mississippi to a nother it caused great risks to the JSC students.The main people driving up and down Lynch Street were white motorist and it caused a lot of tension between them and the African American students that attended JSC due to the fact that they were at an all-time high of tension and activity in America. The African American students eventually got tired of being disrespected on their college campus by white motorist so they decided to take matters into their own hands and stood their ground for the street to be closed.If society understood how important it is to have a closed college campus and understand the risks of having an open campus we could prevent incidents like this from occurring again. When Dr. Peoples became the president of JSC his dream was to develop JSC into a urban and metropolitan university and he made steps to make it such. Dr. Peoples allowed the students of JSC to associate themselves with other students from different schools who took part in the civil rights act ivity.The board of education didn’t take this lightly, Dr. Peoples began to become a thorn in their side and that bothered them. Dr. Peoples didn’t allow the media to attend JSC meeting and this made the College Board feel as if Dr. Peoples wanted to run JSC on his own. If society understood and researched this information we’ll be able to benefit greatly because we’ll start realizing what a tight hold authorities tried to have not just on the students, but on the people who ran the school as well.As a whole society will possibly start becoming more involved with the things that take place in colleges. The police were called to an area about a mile from Jackson College on the night of May 14, 1970 to stop a disturbance between some local African American youth and city workers. After this event, rather than return to their stations, the police along with other law enforcement marched toward JSC where nothing was happening.This information indicates that t he police was trying to get a strong hold on the students who attended JSC and wanted to let them know they couldn’t be protected anywhere. If society learned what really happened before and during the Jackson State shooting, more people will try to do better and treat each other with more respect. The main reason people are getting killed is due to the fact we have no respect for one another. If more people treated one another would respect we possibly wouldn’t have so much violence as it is.Everybody is just trying to get the respect they â€Å"deserve† and their starting to feel as if violence and making a name for themselves is the only way to get respect. The Jackson College shooting must be studied as a major historical occurrence. Additionally, society could benefit greatly if more people learned more about what happened that night. More people will began to appreciate what today’s generation is not forced to endure by understanding what their ance stors were forced to endure for the current generation to be able to do what they are doing now.The appreciation and understanding of what put ancestors went through so we could fulfill our dreams and further our education would make our generation want to do better. It’ll make this generation want to further their education because we’ll start appreciating what they did and what they went through for us they didn’t do it for themselves they did it for the generations after them to be able to live freely.

Christianity Essay

Followers of Jesus, a Jewish man, started a new religion, Christianity. Christianity started to grow during the Pax Romana, a period of peace in Rome. The Pax Romana lasted from 27 B. C. E to 180 C. E. and during it government improved, literature prospered, engineering improved, and laws formed. The peace during the Pax Romana provided a time for Christianity to rise. Christianity spread rapidly and successfully in the 1st through 3rd centuries because it appealed to many people, missionaries could easily travel and spread the message, and because of the events taking place in Rome. The Christian message, a universal message, appealed to many people. In the Sermon on the Mount, the only full sermon existing from Jesus, a section called â€Å"The Beatitudes† lists all of the blessed people. Jesus blessed the oppressed, the hungry, the merciful, the peacemakers, and the pure in heart in his sermon. The Christian message of hope appealed to those out of power and suffering under the rule of the Roman authority, because the Christian message gave people hope and a thought of salvation. The Sermon on the Mount, given by Jesus, encompasses the Christian message of hope. In addition because of the simplicity and directness of the Christian message, people could easily catch on to the message. In addition to those suppressed by the Roman government, Christianity also appealed to gentiles, non-Jews. Paul, a missionary, preached Christianity to the gentiles and compromised with them. Originally following the strict rules such as circumcision and eating Kosher showed to be a roadblock to the gentiles. Paul and Peter argued over whether or not the gentiles should have to follow these rules, and Paul won, so the gentiles that converted to Christianity did not have to adhere to any rules of dress, eating Kosher, or being circumcised. This allowed for Christianity to appeal to the gentiles. Christianity also appealed to widows. In Roman Civilization those that had been widowed had a low place in the social hierarchy and people looked down on them. However, in Christianity widows were honored and called brides of Christ. The charity work that the Christians did also made Christianity an appealing religion. Christians set up hospitals for the poor and homeless. Hospitals gave the homeless a place to become comfortable before they died. In addition to the charity work that Christians did, Christianity emphasized peace, love, and brotherhood, which appealed to some. In the 1st-3rd centuries C. E. the message of Christianity could also be spread quite easily throughout the Roman Empire. The 200,000 miles of roads built in Rome helped Christianity spread throughout the entire empire. The roads allowed for missionaries to travel throughout the empire easily so that they could spread and preach Christianity. The Pax Romana, a period of peace, also allowed for the roads to be safe for the missionaries to travel and spread the word without the fear of being attacked. The many different cities helped spread Christianity rapidly because of the great amount of people in a small area. In addition Christianity could catch on faster and reach more people. Missionaries also had an easy time getting across the message because of the use of only two languages. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire the people mainly spoke koine Greek, and in the western portion of the Roman Empire the people mostly spoke Latin. Because no language barrier existed, missionaries could spread Christianity with fewer difficulties. The events taking place in Rome helped the Christian message to spread rapidly and successfully. The old Roman religions started losing their vitality setting the stage for new beliefs and giving way to the rise of Christianity. Unlike other cults, like the cult of Isis or Mithras, Christianity was freer and adaptable. The loosely organized internal structure of Christianity allowed for Christianity to adapt to people. The persecution of Christians led to the organization of Christian ideas and thoughts. The persecution of the first Christians led to the idea that the ideas of Christianity should be written down and organized. The two groups of Christians, the Apostolics and the Gnostics, had similar but different views on Christianity. Irenaeus, an Apostolic Christian, wrote the first book of the Christian Church titled Against the Heresies. Irenaeus thought that the Gnostics did not represent the true teachings of Jesus, and that the Apostolic Christians represented the teachings of Jesus more than the Gnostics. The Apostolic view of Christianity became the mainstream Christian view and people recorded the Apostolic ideas in the Bible. The persecution on Christians led to the spread of the message of what the Christians died for. Christianity spread due to many factors including roads, missionaries, and the honoring of widows. The timing of the rise of Christianity helped Christianity spread and rise rapidly and successfully. The period of peace in Rome, the Pax Romana, helped Christianity flourish. Christianity at this time grew as older Roman religions started to decline, missionaries preached Christianity to many people, and the Christian message of hope gave hope to those who needed it. These factors along with the rise of Christianity during the Pax Romana helped Christianity spread and continue throughout the Byzantine Empire and beyond.