Stonehenge Essays - Stonehenge, Henges, , Term Papers

Stonehenge Stonehenge is one of the worlds best known monuments of the ancient times. Stonehenge stood for over five thousand years, and still we do not know the full use of this mysterious arrangement of stones. Stonehenge remains as an ancient monument that still propose mysteries to it origin and purpose. At first, scientists had no clue as to who built Stonehenge. The Romans, Egyptians, and the Phoenicians were all suggested to have been a possible creator of Stonehenge. Later study proved that none of these cultured built Stonehenge. The truth of Stonehenge is that three different cultures contributed to this megalithic monument. The first group began construction around 3100 B.C.. Neolithic herdsmen began the first step in the construction of Stonehenge. The first part of this monument began as a modest circular ditch. Within this circle 56 holes were dug. These hole, later named Aubrey Holes after their discoverer, presented mysteries to scientists for years. These strange holes served two purposes. The first, and more important reason, is that these holes acted as a lunar calender. The moon has a cycle for it's eclipses. Once a lunar eclipse occurs, another will not happen for nineteen years. After those nineteen years, the moon will, once again, eclipse. The next, and final, eclipse of this cycle occurs eighteen years after the previous eclipse. These years add up to be fifty-six. Scientists believe that a stone was placed in one hole in the circle. Each year, the stone would be moved to the next hole. This way the ancient people could keep track of the moon. The other reason has a morbid side to it. In some of the Aubrey holes, remains of humans were discovered. These remains were first cremated, then put into the holes. This suggests that Stonehenge could have acted as a burial site, and possibly a temple in which human sacrifices were made. None of these theories have been proven, but these reasons are the only feasible explanation to these holes. The second period is that which the most data can be found on. The second period began at about 2100B.C.. The Beaker people, a group which worshiped the sun, added to the monument it's first large stones. The first thing done is that any of the stones that were already there were removed. Next, thirty large stones were brought to the site. The stones, each weighing well over five tons, were to act as the pillars of the new monument. These stones were called the Sarsen Stones, stemming from what they are made of. These stones, however, are only two-thirds above ground. The other third is buried to keep the huge pillar from toppling over. The Beaker people created two concentric circles, the inner circle measuring seventy four meters in diameter, and the outer circle eighty six meters. The outer circle was later named the Sarsen Circle. The inner circle was never completed, and no one has any evidence as to why. It appears that they just stopped, without cleaning up or removing any of the old stones. Some speculate that the project was to large that it seemed insurmountable the Beaker people. The third period began at about 1550 B.C.. The Wesset culture was going to add their touch to the growing monument. The Wesset culture decided to dismantle the work of the Beaker people, but decided on a similar design. They decided to construct a circle around the same point the Beaker people used for their circle. On top of each pillar, however, a large rectangular stone was placed, with each side resting on neighboring pillars. This created a continuous circle all around the monument. Instead of a smaller circle within the larger circle, the Wesset culture placed a simple horse-shoe. The horse-shoe, just as the large circle, was capped with large rectangular stones. ?Given the distance they had to travel, this presented quite a transportation problem.?(Lacy, www.britannia.com/travel/magical/magic12.htm). The problem of getting the stones to the building site was large enough to stop most people from even attempting such a project. There were to ways used to deliver the massive stones to the building site. The first was by land. Giant carts were constructed to carry the smaller stones. The stones were loaded

buy custom Peloponnesian War and Oedipus Tyrannus essay

buy custom Peloponnesian War and Oedipus Tyrannus essay The Peloponnesian war refers to a fight that occurred between the Athenian empire and the Peloponnesian. The attack was initiated and led by Sparta. The war has been split into three distinct phases by various historians. The phases are the Archidamian War (or first phase), the Peloponnese Fight (or second phase) and, finally, the Decelean War (or third phase). These three phases of the war were characterized by signing of various treaties such the Peace of Nicias, massive use of force during attacks and often repeated invasions of the cities. During the Decelean phase, Sparta fortunately received support from Persia (Thucydides Lattimore 17). There were numerous migrations as most people were abandoning their homes due to the tension and fear of the war. The war was characterized by destitute of capital, non-agricultural activities, reduced trading activities and the rich occupied large masses of land. Causes of the War According to Bagnall, the war was as a result of extreme greed by Athens which led it to attempt taking full control of the whole land of Greece. In response to this behavior of Athens, Sparta initiated a war so as to help itself as well as other oppressed cities of Greece. Sparta wanted Peloponnesians to have independence (Bagnall 213). In order to achieve this mission of saving itself and other cities from Athens control, Sparta had to form alliances with other smaller cities of Greece. It then sent its army to Athens in 430 BC. Disagreements between the two states started after Sparta rejected and prevented the proposed reconstruction of the great walls of Athens. According to Kagan, Sparta made the move so that it would be able to rule the defenseless Athens (Kagan 43). However, the real fight began in around 460 BC, when a rebellion broke up in Sparta. During this period, Sparta had to seek military support from its friendly nations, including Athens, but it surprisingly rejected the forces that sent by Athens to it. Kagan suggests that Spartas action was due to the fear of Athens forces changing their military aid mission and supporting the rebellions instead. As a confirmation of these allegations, Athens resettled the rebellious helot in the city of Naupactus after they were forced to surrender and exiled form Sparta (Kagan 67). In 460 BC, Athens again took advantage of a conflict between Megara and Corinth to form an alliance with Megara and initiated a war against Sparta that lasted for more than fifteen years. Megara and Corinth were both allies of Sparta. Another source of aggravation of the conflicts between the two states was the imposition of the Megara decree, a sanction that barred trade with citizens of Megara. DeSouza asserts that the Peloponnesian war was caused by persistent differences that existed between Athens and Sparta (De Souza 81). In Athens, there was democracy whereas Sparta had a military led government. He states that certain cities were overwhelmed with the fear that Athens would grab their power while others were not happy with Athens spending of the Delian money. According to Bagnall, Pericles punishment on cities that resisted Athens further catalyzed the speared of the war. Sparta finally declared war against Athens in 431 BC. During the regime of Pericles, Athens became overcrowded and people could easily get infected by disease. Plague spread steadily killing more than two thirds of Athens population, thereby weakening its forces and defense system, including the Pericles (Bagnall 142). Impacts of the War The war had a great impact on ancient Greece. Economically, the war left Grece in a miserable economic condition. The city of Athens was not able to regain its economic state and prosperity that it used to enjoy before the war, while Peloponnese suffered from skyrocketing inflation rates and increased poverty. Politically, the war between the two states resulted in frequent civil wars between cities of Greece. Being in conflict with another city became a norm for the states. The Peloponnesian war resulted into massive destruction of most cities of Greece. It also led to deaths of thousands of the Greeks. In addition, all the Greek states suffered from economic and military losses irrespective of whether or not a city was involved in the wars. The prestigious wealth, policies, and power of Athens led to umbrage, anger and bitterness among other cities of Greece. One of its major effects was the long-term weakening of city-states for more than 50 years. Athens, which was once the strongest city in Greece, was terribly reduced to a helpless and vulnerable state whereas its rival Sparta gained full momentum and power to become the leader of Greece. End of the War The war eventually ended after a severe destruction of Athens fleet at Aegospotami which forced it to deliberately surrender the fight. In 404 BC, Athens was forced to surrender to Sparta after the fight continued for another fifteen years, despite the signing of the Truce Agreement in 420 BC to bring the war to a halt. Athens Recovery There are various factors that led to the successful recovery of Athens. First, the enemies of Athens did not have enough force, strength and drive to bring down Athens, for instance, Sparta lacked the urge to send its military troops to Athens. Athens also received support from other Ionian states that required protection. Persia, on the other hand, deliberately delayed its promise to furnish Sparta with funds and army ships. This led to more and more frustrations of Spartas battle plans and strategies during the war. Consequently, Athena was able to win and recover most portions of its empire between 410 BC and 400 BC. Similarly, Athens shrewdly set aside some finances and more than one hundred and fifty ships that it would use as the last resort during the war. Rusten and Thucydides suggest that Alcibiades; use of less coercion also rapidly facilitated the process of restoring democracy in Athens. He was able to achieve this within a period of only two years (Rusten Thucydides 69). Athens after War In 403 BC, Athens was able to overthrow the oligarchs after a short period of suspension of Athens democracy. Similarly, the Corinthian war made it possible for Athens to recover its lost power during the Peloponnesian war. Lessons from the War According to Lattimore and Thucydides, countries that wage should learn from the Peloponnesian war that they can easily lose their power, control and supremacy despite their fights to gain it. When Athens was attacked by Sparta, a large number of its citizens migrated and settled behind the walls of the city (Thucydides Lattimore 51). This led to overcrowding and consequently poor living standards which eventually led to outbreaks of diseases and plagues. He further advises that countries should try as possible as they can to avoid conflicts with their neighbors. Oedipus Tyrannus This play was first performed in 426 BC, just a few years after the plague that hard hit Athens. At the beginning of the story, Oedipus finds himsellf in the city where there was the plague. He attempts to elate the plague. He then comes to realize that the plague would only end after the murder of Laius is identified. Oedipus was determined to pursue the truth but he later realized that he was the actual murder of his own father. This drives him to carry out investigations and develops a series of questions in his efforts of finding out the murderer of Laius, not knowing that he was the one who killed him in a three-way road. Similarly, he later on realizes that the same way he killed Laius, his real father. It is crammed when neverending questions from Oedipus and his condemnation of those who did not want to reveal the truth about the death of Laius (Gaylord 65). Oedipus exhibits extreme arrogance and violence as he searches for the murderer. The play revolves around a king who is humbled by a series of mysterious events beyond his control from extreme supremacy and seeks help form a blind woman. It was a tragic for a king of such high profile to be brought down to high poverty levels. Lessons from the Play The play explores different themes, state control among them. This theme can be paralleled with the conflicts that emerged between different states of the ancient Greek. From the story we learn how one may fall due to the unknown circumstance. It also shows us the disadvantages of destructive use of power and excessive pride. The play is about King Oedipus. It begins by the king sending his brother-in-law to seek help for the problems that were being encountered in his empire. When Creon goes to a priest, he is told that the problems were due to the religious pollution that resulted after the killing of King Laius (Segal 141). When Oedipus called for the priest, he refuses to speak on arrival. Oedipus becomes raged with this act and orders the priest to be killed. The priest further insists that the murder of King Laius was Oedipus plan. Visionary leadership King Oedipus in the play resembles a dictator king who uses force and coercion to rule. The writer emphasizes on the good qualities of a king such as love for his state and the people. A good king should not be self-centered or be proud. From the Peloponnesian war and Oedipus, it is evidenced that kings usually fall due to the bad ruling of the people who consequently form rebellions to overthrow their governments. In this play, Oedipus is portrayed a leader who will always pursues his own personal interest, is overconfident about himself and quick to angers. According to Gaylord, King Oedipus resembles that various characters of current political leaders who make citizens of their countries live in hopelessness, fear and desperation (Gaylord 127). Conclusion In my opinion, it would be easier for one to understand Oedipus Tyrannus play when he/she has heard of the Peloponnesian war. This is because there is a direct relationship between the play and the war. Actually, the play was sent just a few years after the Peloponnesian war within the same setting or environment. The play sets similar themes as the lessons that were learnt during and after the war. In my view, King Oedipus can be compared with Athens that was taking advantage of its economical, social and political supremacy to exercise control on other cities. This behavior of Athens can be directly linked to King Oedipus character of dictatorship. Both the play and Peloponnesian war provide valuable lessons to states that the use of force and conflicts as a way of acquiring power over other nations. The play was best set for colonies. Buy custom Peloponnesian War and Oedipus Tyrannus essay

Grahams Formula for Diffusion and Effusion

Graham's Formula for Diffusion and Effusion Grahams law expresses the relationship between the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas and the gass molar mass. Diffusion describes the spreading of a gas throughout a volume or a second gas, while effusion describes the movement of a gas through a tiny hole into an open chamber. In 1829, Scottish chemist Thomas Graham determined, through experimentation, that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas particle mass and to its density. In 1848, he showed that the rate of effusion of a gas is also inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas. Grahams law also shows that the kinetic energies of gases are equal at the same temperature. Grahams Law Formula Grahams law states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas: r ∠ 1/(M) ½ or r(M) ½ constant ï » ¿where r rate of diffusion or effusion and M molar mass. Generally, this law is used to compare the difference in rates between between two different gases: Gas A and Gas B.  The law assumes that the temperature and pressure are the same for the  two gases.  When Grahams law is used for such a comparison, the formula is written: rGas A/rGas B (MGas B) ½/(MGas A) ½ Example Problems One way to apply Grahams law is to determine whether one gas will effuse more quickly or slowly than another and to quantify the difference in rate. For example, if you want to compare the rates of effusion of hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2), you use the molar masses of the gases (two for hydrogen and 32 for oxygen) and relate them inversely: rate H2/rate O2 321/2 / 21/2 161/2 / 11/2 4/1 The equation shows that hydrogen gas molecules effuse four times more quickly than oxygen molecules. Another type of Grahams law problem may ask you to find the molecular weight of a gas if you know the identity of one gas and the ratio between the rates of effusion of two different gases. This problem can be expressed as: M2 M1Rate12 / Rate22 A practical application of Grahams law is uranium enrichment. Natural uranium consists of a mixture of isotopes, each of which has a slightly different mass. In gaseous diffusion, uranium ore is made into uranium hexafluoride gas, which is repeatedly diffused through a porous substance. Each time, the material that passes through the pores becomes more concentrated in U-235 (the isotope used to generate nuclear energy). This is because the isotope diffuses at a faster rate than U-238, which is heavier.

Career paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career paper - Essay Example I would like to become a property manager in Colliers International. This firm is a renowned real estate agency that has been in operational for the past couple of years. As an international firm, the company has managed to gain worldwide recognition in the real estate business hence making them one of the best in the market. As a rule, I always work want to work with the best in the field of my choice. I believe that this real estate work will provide me with satisfaction since it is what has been a family business for the past 20 years. With me getting that post will be the greatest thing that has ever happened in our family. In my goals, making a choice to do property management course in a reputable university is my first target. In order to get to do property management course, one should have scored a good grade in high school, something which I am aware. Therefore, it will be through hard-work and support that I will be able to achieve the high grades in high school. That means spending hours in my study room and consulting with my teachers. After that, I would have to gain entry into a reputable university that offers real estate courses, in particular, property management. In the four years that I will be in campus, means I have to also score good grades in order to attain a first class honors. This will entail a lot of sacrifice from my part since University life is not as easy like high school due to a lot of temptation from friends. I would stay away from being influenced by peer pressure and stay focused on my course. I will attend all lessons so as not to miss anything and constantly revise my notes. Furthermore, I would seek help from my senior lectures in regard to tips in property management. Eventually, after attaining my first class honors, I would apply for a job of a junior property manager at our county, so as to gain experience of the matter. I will dedicate my time in ensuring that I

What were the major reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in Essay

What were the major reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 - Essay Example To begin with, the collapse of the Soviet Union was much a consequential effect of poor managerial aspects of the political system inexistence. Established in 1922 under Vladimir Lenin, Soviet Union was built on terror upon the larger citizenry, orchestrated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) machinery engineered by Joseph Stalin, the party’s first General Secretary. Intolerant to any form of criticism, Stalin basically murdered millions opposed to his authoritarian nature of leadership; a style of leadership that would set the tone of communism for several decades, in effect, forcefully actualizing the acceptance of the Soviet Union’s governance with all the ills without questioning. In addition to his firm grip on the government machinery, his policy of dà ©tente basically cut off the Soviets from the world. His leadership was one of a kind that non-would have wanted to follow. Accordingly, long before Gorbachev’s assumed power in 1985, successi ve leadership beginning with Nikita Khrushchev-the immediate Stalin’s successor, made numerous changes; gradually losing the very fundamental facets of the Stalinist control (Dallin and Lapidise 675). As ideas from the west, spread in part by academics, begun reaching the masses, commitments to the Soviet Orthodoxy begun a fast downward trend; the exposure to the superior living standards in the west in addition to the political freedoms resulted in widespread jitters in the late seventies through to the Eighties ultimately forcing the introduction of Gorbachev’s ‘glasnost’ (Dallin and Lapidise 681). Instead of rectifying the hitherto growing dissatisfaction, the ‘glasnost’ unveiled the ills of the past regimes, further bringing into question the ideals of communism and legitimacy of the regime in power then. In reality, ideologies advanced by Gorbachev and his

Alcohol and Teens Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Teens Essay Amber Valley Primary School was closed 6 months ago by Amber Borough Council (ABC), the local education authority, which owns all the land and buildings. The school has been standing empty while ABC attempts to find a buyer for the site. Although ABC placed fencing around the site, local residents reported that youths had broken into the site on a number of occasions. Last week a group of youths from a nearby young offenders institution, operated by Chigley Services Ltd (CS) under contract to the Home Office, broke into the disused school and set fire to it. The youths had been clearing rubbish from a neighbouring stream and were supposed to have been under the supervision of Justin and Jason, both of whom are CS employees. However, Justin and Jason had gone for a cigarette break and left the youths unsupervised at the time the break-in occurred. The fire caused damage to neighbouring property including a bakers shop owned by Mark. It is likely to be many weeks before the business can reopen and Mark stands to lose many thousands of pounds in lost profits. It later transpired that the fire would not have had time to spread to neighbouring property had the Fire Brigade acted more swiftly. The Amber Valley Fire engine was unavailable at the time and another engine had to be dispatched from Leicester. The crew got lost on the way because they put the wrong address in the sat-nav (satellite navigation) device. Advise Mark in respect of any claims he may have (if any). In this question, we are asked to advise Mark as to the possible claims he might have. On the facts, the defendants are Justin and Jason, Chigley Services and the Fire Brigade. Several issues must be taken into consideration, we must determine on the facts whether there can be any possible claims on the economic loss that Mark has suffered due to the fire. Also, we must decide whether the fire brigade’s omission and Justin and Jason’s act would amount to negligence. Besides, whether Chigley Services would be vicariously liable will be discussed below. On the facts, Justin and Jason who were supposed to be supervising the youths had gone for a cigarette break which ended up in the break-in of the school which later caused a fire to Mark’s shop. Based on this, Mark can try to sue Justin and Jason for negligence in tort. The test of negligence was formulated by Lord Atkin in the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson1. For a successful claim of negligence to be established, four elements have to be proven. The four elements are duty of care, breach of duty of care, causation and remoteness. Thus, the first thing the courts need to do is to prove negligence in establishing a duty of care. As the law evolves, the current test for duty of care is now in the case of Caparo v Dickman2. The Caparo test is a threefold test which requires three elements to be satisfied. The first requirement is that at the time of the negligent act, it must be reasonably foreseeable that damage or injury would be caused to the particular defendant in the case, or to a class of people to which he or she belongs, rather than just people in general. 3 Thus, foresight is always a critical factor and it will be objectively assessed. A good example of this can be seen in the case of Palsgraf v Long Island 1 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 2 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 3 C Elliott F Quinn, Tort Law (8th edn Pearson, Gosport 2011) 22 Railroad4 where it was held that it could not reasonably be foreseen that pushing a passenger would cause harm to someone standing a few feet away thus there is no duty of care. However, in the case of Bhamra v Dubb5, the Court of Appeal (COA) held that a duty of care is owed because a reasonable man would have foreseen that his act is likely to result in harm. Similarly, in our question, Justin and Jason who were in charge of supervising the youths did not carry out their duty properly. Moreover, the fact that the youths here are from an offenders institution further strengthens the likelihood of them carrying out offences while unsupervised. Thus, it is highly likely that a reasonable man would have foreseen damage or injury could have occurred following his acts. The second requirement is that there must be a legal proximity, meaning that there must be in law a relationship between the claimant and defendant. However, we must be clear that the defendant does not necessarily have to know the claimant, this is explained in the case of Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities6 by Goff LJ. He pointed out that it is the situation they were both put which determines whether the defendant could reasonably be expected to have foreseen that damage to the claimant could result from his or her actions. In the case of Watson v British Boxing Board of Control7, there was held to be 4 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad 162 NE 99 5 Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13 6 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd [1986] QB 507 7 Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 sufficient proximity to give rise to a duty of care because the Board was the only body in the UK which could license professional boxing matches and thus giving them full control and responsibility for a situation that is highly likely to result in harm if reasonable care was not exercised. Lord Atkin quoted Lord Esher in Le Lievre v Gould8, ‘If one man is near to another, or near to the property of another, a duty lies on him not to do that which may cause a personal injury to the other, or may injure his property’. 9 As per the facts on our question, in that situation it is highly likely that it could reasonably be expected the youths might break into or cause damage to any of the property nearby, without the need of identifying the owner of the property. Moreover, Justin and Jason had complete control and responsibility of the youths’ performance. From here, it is very possible that the courts would be able to establish proximity between Justin and Jason with Mark. The third requirement is that it must be just and reasonable to impose a duty on the defendant. This requirement often overlaps with the first and second requirement. For example, arguments relating to proximity could also be seen as arguments relating to justice and reasonableness. However, when the third requirement is specifically referred to, it normally means the foreseeability and proximity requirement are met but the claim could be denied based on public 8 Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 9 From a speech made by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson at 508 in producing the concept of neighborhood. policy grounds. In the case of McFarlene v Tayside Health Board10, a duty of care was denied on the grounds that it was not just and reasonable to give compensation for birth of a healthy child. It is also established in Jain v Strategic Health Authority11 that it is not fair and reasonable to impose a duty when it conflicts with another duty owed to another party. As per the facts, it is fair and reasonable because Justin and Jason were hired to supervise the youths but they didn’t carry out their duty, thus resulting in damage to Mark’s bakery. It doesn’t make sense for there to be public policy reasons for denying a claim of duty of care on Justin and Jason. Thus, if the three elements of the Caparo test could be satisfied, a duty of care towards Mark can be established. Assuming that a duty of care is established, we then need to prove breach in order to establish negligence. Breach of a duty arises when the defendant’s conduct has fallen below the reasonable standard expected of a reasonable man in that particular situation. The ‘reasonable man’ test is seen in the case of Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks. 12 This essentially means that it would not be relevant even if the defendant thinks that his conduct is fine. In our question, it must be shown that the standard of Justin and Jason’s conduct was unreasonable owing to the failure in supervising the youths. Here, two 10 McFarlene v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All ER 961. 11 Jain v Strategic Health Authority [2009] 2 WLR 248 12 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks [1856] 11 Exch 781 questions must be asked, namely, what is the required standard and whether the conduct has fallen short of the standard. In terms of the first question, the legal standard is to take such care as would be taken by a reasonable man in that circumstances. This is explained in the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council13 and is determined objectively. For the second question, Mark should be advised that the standard needed becomes whether Justin and Jason acted with the level of skill and competency that is expected from someone in their position. According to common sense, the main purpose that Chigley Services hired Justin and Jason is to ensure that they supervise the youths and prevent them from doing damage or harm to others. On the facts, the break-in of the school occurred because Justin and Jason had gone for a cigarette break when they were supposed to be supervising. Since they defeated the main purpose of their recruitment, it is unlikely that they have acted according to a reasonable standard. If breach can be found, we need to establish causation next. This means that Justin and Jason’s breach must have caused damage to Mark’s baker shop. The first issue we have to deal with is whether the damage would have resulted but for the breach of the duty, this is known as the factual causation or ‘but for’ test. A clear example can be seen in the case Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee14, it was held that the defendants did owe a 13 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 14 Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 duty of care and had breached it, but causation could not be established because the claimant would still have died even though the duty of care was not breached. To establish factual causation, we must be satisfied that damage would not have occurred but for Justin and Jason’s breach of duty. On the facts, it is clear that Mark’s baker shop would not have caught fire if Justin and Jason had been supervising the youths and preventing them from setting the fire. However, this will be determined on the balance of probabilities. There is still a very small possibility that even if Jason and Justin had been supervising the youth all the time, the youths might still act beyond their control. Nevertheless, this is quite unlikely thus it is highly likely that the but for test can be satisfied. Regarding the last requirement of negligence, even though Justin and Jason were the factual cause of damage to Mark’s baker shop, they must also be the legal cause. It means that the damage must be a type that could reasonably be foreseen and not too remote. This is explained in the case of Wagon Mound No. 115 where a test of remoteness was applied. This test requires that the damage is foreseeable and if so, the defendant would be liable to the full extent of the damage even though that extent might not be foreseeable. On the facts, it is arguably foreseeable that any damage could arise if the youths were left unsupervised. The damage to Mark’s baker shop is 15 Wagon Mound No. 1 [1961] AC 388 also unlikely to be remote. Therefore, it appears that Mark has a valid claim of negligence against Justin and Jason. However, Mark should also be advised that he has an alternative of pursuing his claim against the Home Office and Chigley Services under the doctrine of vicarious liability. This would be more desirable because there is better guarantee of compensation if won. This doctrine renders employers legally liable for the acts of their employees. This is justified because employers normally have better insurance and also benefits from their employees’ action, it is acceptable for them to run the risk of taking responsibility for actions of their employees. However, as per the facts, Chigley Services was under a contract to the Home Office. Applying the principle stated by Lord Widgery in the case of Salsbury v Woodland16, Chigley Services had been employed by the Home Office as independent contractor that does work on its behalf, therefore the Home Office will not be liable for any tort committed by the contractor in the course of employment. Whereas, Chigley Services and Justin and Jason had a contract of services which renders themselves vicariously liable for their acts. Therefore, a claim against Chigley Services would be more likely to succeed than a claim against the Home Office. In order to establish vicarious liability, the person who committed the tort must be an employee of the defendant. 17 As per the facts, it is 16 Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 KB 191 17 Available at http://www. lawteacher. net/free-law-essays/vicariousliability. php accessed 17 January 2014 clear that Justin and Jason are employees, so the first hurdle is cleared. The issue here is whether the tort is committed in the course of employment. In the case of Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport18, Lord Wright held that the negligent act was done for the employee’s own purposes but that doesn’t prevent the employer from being vicariously liable because it was nevertheless part of his job, even though not done in the way the employer had wanted. 19 Applying this on our facts, Justin and Jason were performing their job by supervising the youths, but they went for a cigarette break on their own convenience. According to case law, this is nevertheless to be considered to be done in the course of employment even though not in the way intended by the employer. Another case which bears a similar facts of failing to supervise is the case of Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office20. The Home Office in this case was liable and therefore responsible for the damage caused. Therefore, it is highly likely that Chigley Services would be vicariously liable for the tort on the same grounds, Mark can choose to sue them directly. Furthermore, there’s a possibility that Chigley Services might argue that their employees were acting on the ‘frolic of his own’ and thus not within the course of employment. However, this is probably harder to be proved although it would eventually be decided by the court. Lastly, because vicarious 18 Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport [1942] 1 All ER 491 19 Hepple and Matthews’, Tort Cases and Materials (6th edn OUP, New York 2009) 1079 20 Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 liability is a form of joint liability, Mark can also try sueing Justin and Jason at the meantime even though in practice usually only the employer is sued. Besides, the Home Office might want to use the fire brigade as defence, by trying to argue negligence on the part of the fire brigade. On the facts, the fire would not have had time to spread to neighbouring property had the fire brigade acted more swiftly. The issue to be discussed here is whether negligence can be established on the fire brigade. Thus, the first step in establishing negligence is to determine the existence of a duty of care. However, the issue here is that there has been no positive acts on the part of the fire brigade. In the case of Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd21, Lord Goff held that the general rule in negligence is that a duty to act will not be imposed in relation to a failure to act. 22 However, there are a number of exceptions in which the judge held that there is a positive obligation to act and could give rise to breach of duty if not acted upon. In our question, the fire services is involved. There have been a number of case laws regarding this aspect, we need to look into it in deciding whether a duty of care is owed. Mark might want to argue that by answering the call, the fire brigades have assumed responsibility and thus have a duty of care. However, the court is likely to reject this idea on the grounds that Mark 21 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 22 S Deakin, A Johnston B Markesinis, Markesinis And Deakin’s Tort Law (7th edn OUP, Hampshire 2013) 178 could have at least taken some precautions to prevent the fire from spreading while the fire brigade was on its way. Moreover, in the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council23, Stuart-Smith LJ held that the fire brigade is not under a common law duty to answer calls for help and is not under a duty to take care to do so either. Furthermore, the common law has never really accepted the existence of a common law duty to go, proactively, to the assistance of needy members of the general public. 24 In the case of Kent v Griffiths25, a distinction between public services, namely the ambulance and fire brigades, was drawn. It was argued that the ambulance service generally owes a duty of care, unlike fire brigades that generally do not owe a duty of care. This is on the basis that for ambulance service normally the number of casualties and extent of injury is known or predictable, and thus a duty of care should be upheld. In the case of firefighting, it is agreed that fire spread very fast and the number of people and property that might get affected is uncertain and unpredictable, thus imposing a duty of care on fire brigades is unfair and would lead to a floodgate of litigation. 26 Nevertheless, In the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council which was mentioned above, a duty of care was found, but it could be 23 Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 24 M Vranken, ‘Duty to Rescue in Civil Law and Common Law’ (1998) 47 Intl Comp. L. Q. 934-942 25 Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 WLR 1158 26 Available at http://www. johnhardcastle. co. uk/2013/09/02/the-duty-of-care-owed-by-a-fire-service accessed 18 January 2014 distinguished with the other cases. It was held that a duty of care could be imposed in certain circumstances, for instance when additional danger was created by the negligence of the fire brigades. 27 As per our facts, the fire brigades were late because not enough vehicles could be dispatched at that time and the vehicle from Leicester lost its way hence causing the delay in arrival. As opposed to Kent v Griffiths, here there’s a good reason why the fire brigade was late. Besides, there is no evidence of the fire brigades causing additional danger. Lastly, there are policy reasons28 why a duty of care should not be owed in general, this was shown in the case of John Munroe v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority29. It was argued that imposing a duty of care on fire brigade will not improve its efficiency but instead it may lead to defensive firefighting. In the case of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority30, it was held that imposing a burden of emergency services will only distract it from the proper task of fighting fire. Above all these, one should also look at the ‘value of the activity’, when it involves cases of fire services. This was found in the case of Watt v Herdford 27 Available at http://www. independent. co. uk/news/people/law-report-no-duty-owed-to-owner-by-atte nding-and-fighting-fire-1266268. html accessed 18 January 2014 28 Available at http://sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_material/tort/1_duty/5_duty_fair_just. htm accessed 18 January 2014 29 John Munroe Ltd v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 983 30 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority [1997] 2 All ER 865 County Council31 which argues that duty should not be imposed because of public benefit that is involved in the activity. Moreover, it can be argued that there is no sufficient proximity between Mark and the fire brigade because firstly the fire brigade is not a local one and secondly, in contrast with the case of Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council, the fire brigade were not negligent in making the situation worse. Hence, applying all these on our question, it is highly likely that a duty of care could not be found. Since a duty of care could not be found, there won’t be a breach of duty. Accordingly, the third and fourth element of negligence could not be established, meaning that it is impossible for negligence to be established on the part of the fire brigades. Now the last issue is whether Mark can have any redress on the economic loss which was incurred through the negligent act of Justin and Jason. With regards to economic losses, it is a matter of policy. The position is clearly represented in the case of Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co32. It was decided that only physical damage to property and economic loss arising from damage to property can be recovered. Pure economic loss cannot be recovered in tort. Applying this on our case, the losses that Mark might want to recover are probably losses he is expected to suffer before his baker shop gets back into business. 31 Watt v Herdford County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835 32 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co [1973] 1 QB 27 This is considered as pure economic loss as it is losses that does not directly result from personal injury or damage to property. However, as confirmed in the case of Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering33, pure economic loss is not recoverable. Pure economic loss is speculative and thus tort does not protect speculative interest. There are two reasons why the law of negligence is reluctant to allow claims for pure economic loss. Firstly, this would open the floodgate to litigations. Moreover, the possible economic loss may be astronomical and incalculable. Secondly, contract was the means by which economic loss is to be compensated and the courts are unwilling to interfere with this. Nevertheless, Mark should be advised that he might also try recovering losses arising from the damaged bread and the profit for the damaged bread. This is probably recoverable as the damage is the kind that is foreseeable. Thus, it is highly likely that Mark will be able to recover his losses except for pure economic loss. In conclusion, it is highly possible that negligence can be established on the part of Justin and Jason. However, because of the doctrine of vicarious liability, Mark is also able to sue Chigley Services which is vicariously liable. In practice, normally only the employer is sued but it is still possible for Mark to pursue his claims from both. As for the fire brigade, it is unlikely that a duty of care is owed, thus negligence will not be established. Lastly, although pure economic loss 33 Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering [1997] 83 BLR 136 is not recoverable, he can still bring a claim against Justin and Jason and Chigley Services for other economic losses he suffered. Bibliography Books Elliott C Quinn F, Tort Law (8th edn Pearson, Gosport 2011) Deakin S, Johnston A Markesinis B, Markesinis And Deakin’s Tort Law (7th edn OUP, Hampshire 2013) Hepple and Matthews’, Tort Cases and Materials (6th edn OUP, New York 2009) Articles Vranken M, ‘Duty to Rescue in Civil Law and Common Law’ (1998) 47 Intl Comp. L. Q. 934-942 Electronic Sources Hardcastle J, ‘The Duty of Care Owed by a Fire Service’ http://www. johnhardcastle. co. uk/2013/09/02/the-duty-of-care-owed-by- a-fire-service accessed 18 January 2014 O’Hanlon K, ‘No Duty Owed to Owner by Attending and Fighting Fire’ http://www. independent. co. uk/news/people/law-report-no-duty-owed-to -owner-by-attending-and-fighting-fire-1266268. html accessed 18 January 2014 Mike Souper, ‘Fair Just Reasonable or Policy Considerations’. http://sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_material/tort/1_duty/5_duty_ fair_just. htm accessed 18 January 2014 Law Teacher, ‘Vicarious Liability’ http://www. lawteacher. net/free-law-essays/vicariousliability. php accessed 17 January 2014 Table of Cases United Kingdom Cases Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13. Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks [1856] 11 Exch 781 Capital Counties PLC v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Road Transport [1942] 1 All ER 491 Dorset Yatch Company Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Jain v Strategic Health Authority [2009] 2 WLR 248 John Munroe Ltd v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 983 Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 WLR 1158 Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 Londonwaste v AMEC Civil Engineering [1997] 83 BLR 136 Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd [1986] QB 507 McFarlene v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All ER 961 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad 162 NE 99 Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 KB 191 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin Co [1973] 1 QB 27 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Defence Authority [1997] 2 All ER 865 Wagon Mound No. 1 [1961] AC 388 Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 Watt v Herdford County Council [1954] 1 WLR 835.

Writing Technology :: Writing Technology Technological Papers

Writing Technology How many times in an average day does one think about how their shoes were made, and how the invention has evolved over the years? A person could never know the full extent of it until they tried to make a pair with only the simplest of materials to use. It is so easy to say that society does not know what they have until it is gone. For this project every tool that I have ever used for writing was taken away, and it left me more than a little frustrated. It is so hard to think about going through a day without a pen, pencil, or marker to use at will. These things have become as standard as the shoes we wear on our feet. Society knows why it has them, but they do not know to what extent until they are taken away or simplified beyond recognition. There is so much thought that has to go into making something to write with. Ideas can become so complex and intricate. Most of the ideas that I came up with were just too much in the sense that I was making it harder than it needed to be. Being that I am an impatient person, I was looking for something that I could do pretty quickly. I started to look at what was available to me, and I realized that hey I live in Michigan; there are a lot of rocks around. I did not want to lug a bunch of huge, heavy things around, and so I focused on the smaller pebbles and stones instead. I found a sandy area close to where I found the rocks, and shaped small piles of them into letters. This idea was a decent one by my standards, and it was legible when it was completed. I formed the word ‘rock’ with the stones. Toward the end I did get lazy though and used twigs I found for the last letter. Upon finishing, I realized the final outcome would last for a while, but it is not transportable. This could be a problem in a more realistic setting. I can not imagine taking notes in class with stones and having to leave it there. This would make studying nearly impossible. After contemplating this for a while I came up with a plan of attack. Many ideas that have come about in the technology of writing have built on other ideas (Baron, Dennis, 36).

1970 Jsu Shooting

Destiny Bowie Instructor C. Liegh McInnis English 105-11 September 29, 2012 Understanding the Causes of the 1970 Jackson College Shooting The 1970 Jackson College shooting occurred May 14, 1970. There were many different aspects that lead to the shooting. There was a lot of tension between the white motorist and the JSC students over Lynch Street. Another aspect that contributed to the Jackson College shooting was the development of JSC into a major institution with programs equal to that those offered at white institutions.The last aspect was that police over reaction or poor reaction to an event that had nothing to do with JSC. If society researched and discovered the real reasons behind the JSC shooting they’ll see how much of a big incident JSC has overcome as a whole. The tensions on the way Lynch Street ran right into the heart of the University was a very large aspect that led to the shooting. With Lynch Street being the only way to get from one city in Mississippi to a nother it caused great risks to the JSC students.The main people driving up and down Lynch Street were white motorist and it caused a lot of tension between them and the African American students that attended JSC due to the fact that they were at an all-time high of tension and activity in America. The African American students eventually got tired of being disrespected on their college campus by white motorist so they decided to take matters into their own hands and stood their ground for the street to be closed.If society understood how important it is to have a closed college campus and understand the risks of having an open campus we could prevent incidents like this from occurring again. When Dr. Peoples became the president of JSC his dream was to develop JSC into a urban and metropolitan university and he made steps to make it such. Dr. Peoples allowed the students of JSC to associate themselves with other students from different schools who took part in the civil rights act ivity.The board of education didn’t take this lightly, Dr. Peoples began to become a thorn in their side and that bothered them. Dr. Peoples didn’t allow the media to attend JSC meeting and this made the College Board feel as if Dr. Peoples wanted to run JSC on his own. If society understood and researched this information we’ll be able to benefit greatly because we’ll start realizing what a tight hold authorities tried to have not just on the students, but on the people who ran the school as well.As a whole society will possibly start becoming more involved with the things that take place in colleges. The police were called to an area about a mile from Jackson College on the night of May 14, 1970 to stop a disturbance between some local African American youth and city workers. After this event, rather than return to their stations, the police along with other law enforcement marched toward JSC where nothing was happening.This information indicates that t he police was trying to get a strong hold on the students who attended JSC and wanted to let them know they couldn’t be protected anywhere. If society learned what really happened before and during the Jackson State shooting, more people will try to do better and treat each other with more respect. The main reason people are getting killed is due to the fact we have no respect for one another. If more people treated one another would respect we possibly wouldn’t have so much violence as it is.Everybody is just trying to get the respect they â€Å"deserve† and their starting to feel as if violence and making a name for themselves is the only way to get respect. The Jackson College shooting must be studied as a major historical occurrence. Additionally, society could benefit greatly if more people learned more about what happened that night. More people will began to appreciate what today’s generation is not forced to endure by understanding what their ance stors were forced to endure for the current generation to be able to do what they are doing now.The appreciation and understanding of what put ancestors went through so we could fulfill our dreams and further our education would make our generation want to do better. It’ll make this generation want to further their education because we’ll start appreciating what they did and what they went through for us they didn’t do it for themselves they did it for the generations after them to be able to live freely.

Christianity Essay

Followers of Jesus, a Jewish man, started a new religion, Christianity. Christianity started to grow during the Pax Romana, a period of peace in Rome. The Pax Romana lasted from 27 B. C. E to 180 C. E. and during it government improved, literature prospered, engineering improved, and laws formed. The peace during the Pax Romana provided a time for Christianity to rise. Christianity spread rapidly and successfully in the 1st through 3rd centuries because it appealed to many people, missionaries could easily travel and spread the message, and because of the events taking place in Rome. The Christian message, a universal message, appealed to many people. In the Sermon on the Mount, the only full sermon existing from Jesus, a section called â€Å"The Beatitudes† lists all of the blessed people. Jesus blessed the oppressed, the hungry, the merciful, the peacemakers, and the pure in heart in his sermon. The Christian message of hope appealed to those out of power and suffering under the rule of the Roman authority, because the Christian message gave people hope and a thought of salvation. The Sermon on the Mount, given by Jesus, encompasses the Christian message of hope. In addition because of the simplicity and directness of the Christian message, people could easily catch on to the message. In addition to those suppressed by the Roman government, Christianity also appealed to gentiles, non-Jews. Paul, a missionary, preached Christianity to the gentiles and compromised with them. Originally following the strict rules such as circumcision and eating Kosher showed to be a roadblock to the gentiles. Paul and Peter argued over whether or not the gentiles should have to follow these rules, and Paul won, so the gentiles that converted to Christianity did not have to adhere to any rules of dress, eating Kosher, or being circumcised. This allowed for Christianity to appeal to the gentiles. Christianity also appealed to widows. In Roman Civilization those that had been widowed had a low place in the social hierarchy and people looked down on them. However, in Christianity widows were honored and called brides of Christ. The charity work that the Christians did also made Christianity an appealing religion. Christians set up hospitals for the poor and homeless. Hospitals gave the homeless a place to become comfortable before they died. In addition to the charity work that Christians did, Christianity emphasized peace, love, and brotherhood, which appealed to some. In the 1st-3rd centuries C. E. the message of Christianity could also be spread quite easily throughout the Roman Empire. The 200,000 miles of roads built in Rome helped Christianity spread throughout the entire empire. The roads allowed for missionaries to travel throughout the empire easily so that they could spread and preach Christianity. The Pax Romana, a period of peace, also allowed for the roads to be safe for the missionaries to travel and spread the word without the fear of being attacked. The many different cities helped spread Christianity rapidly because of the great amount of people in a small area. In addition Christianity could catch on faster and reach more people. Missionaries also had an easy time getting across the message because of the use of only two languages. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire the people mainly spoke koine Greek, and in the western portion of the Roman Empire the people mostly spoke Latin. Because no language barrier existed, missionaries could spread Christianity with fewer difficulties. The events taking place in Rome helped the Christian message to spread rapidly and successfully. The old Roman religions started losing their vitality setting the stage for new beliefs and giving way to the rise of Christianity. Unlike other cults, like the cult of Isis or Mithras, Christianity was freer and adaptable. The loosely organized internal structure of Christianity allowed for Christianity to adapt to people. The persecution of Christians led to the organization of Christian ideas and thoughts. The persecution of the first Christians led to the idea that the ideas of Christianity should be written down and organized. The two groups of Christians, the Apostolics and the Gnostics, had similar but different views on Christianity. Irenaeus, an Apostolic Christian, wrote the first book of the Christian Church titled Against the Heresies. Irenaeus thought that the Gnostics did not represent the true teachings of Jesus, and that the Apostolic Christians represented the teachings of Jesus more than the Gnostics. The Apostolic view of Christianity became the mainstream Christian view and people recorded the Apostolic ideas in the Bible. The persecution on Christians led to the spread of the message of what the Christians died for. Christianity spread due to many factors including roads, missionaries, and the honoring of widows. The timing of the rise of Christianity helped Christianity spread and rise rapidly and successfully. The period of peace in Rome, the Pax Romana, helped Christianity flourish. Christianity at this time grew as older Roman religions started to decline, missionaries preached Christianity to many people, and the Christian message of hope gave hope to those who needed it. These factors along with the rise of Christianity during the Pax Romana helped Christianity spread and continue throughout the Byzantine Empire and beyond.

Anne Bradstreet Essays

Anne Bradstreet Essays Anne Bradstreet Essay Anne Bradstreet Essay Anne Broadsheet poem A prologue she is stating that she is different because she is a woman that writes. Woman were not supposed to write and speak their minds. She states But simple My she is saying that her skill is simple compared to his. But you can tell there is a hint of sarcasm behind her writing. She is writing this to try to fool people into thinking that she thinks woman cannot write. B) Anne Breadbaskets A prologue is an apology. An apology is a form of poetry that Raritan often involved a self-effacing or self-humbling stance. The poet either apologizes directly or in directly. She also shows examples of backsliding. Backsliding is a term the puritans used to show even the ones that were among the most elect might diverge from the behavior that God required them to do. C) Anne Broadsheet has a lot of examples for backsliding. Back then woman are not supposed to write and were only supposed to have children and stay in the kitchen to cook food for their families. Woman were seen more as objects than as human beings. She acknowledges her role as a woman in society but does not agree with It. She even recognizes the supposed superiority that men have over woman, Men can It well (40). She also realizes what she Is doing Is out of the ordinary for woman at the time, l am Tongue(25) she Is showing that she knows that she Is a woman that has a mind of her own and that It Is difficult to please the people around her because of it. She goes on to acknowledge the role of woman In the puritan days by eying, who Lets(26). She apologizes to those around her by trying to put herself down sarcastically and with humor. In the first stanza she even says that there are some things she shouldnt be writing about, Like war. She realized that even If she were to write a good poem that most people would thing she stole It or someone else wrote It and she put her name on It, but she kept writing because that was what she liked to do. She wanted to show that woman were Inferior to men.

An Examination Of The Caviar Market Economics Essay

An Examination Of The Caviar Market Economics Essay The new business is aiming to produce a substitute caviar product in Russia and Kazakhstan, with a view to exporting it to the UK. It is anticipated that the main targets for this product will be those in the low to middle income bracket who would not generally be able to afford real caviar. Consumption of caviar in the UK is not as widespread as in some other regions and this is thought to be primarily due to the high price that is commanded by caviar in the country. The aim of the business is to provide an affordable alternative that will be provided over the internet and by phone, allowing for rapid delivery of products that are well priced. Loyalty offers will be available and the business aims to target the general consumption market rather than the exclusive, luxury segment of the market. Initially, the target will be the UK alone, although there is no particular reason that this could not be extended in time as production increases. Substitute caviar made up of a variety of d ifferent ingredients will be available in order to satisfy the widest range of tastes possible. Overview of Research Process A multifaceted research approach has been taken, due to the fact that whilst completing the initial research it became clear that the UK market may not be the best initial overseas market to target, and this resulted in a wider analysis than originally anticipated. Consideration was given to the global market for both the export and import of caviar and caviar substitutes, with a view to gaining an understanding of the general movement of caviar and also in an attempt to understand where the value lies and where there is opportunity for growth. Another research approach was to look at commentary specific to the UK market and the way in which UK consumers view the caviar products, in order to get an idea as to whether or not there is likely to be a demand for a caviar substitute of the nature proposed. This type of research will naturally require greater depth and primary research in the form of consumer questionnaires; interviews would also be desirable to supplement the general media reports. Information was also obtained in relation to the production industry in Kazakhstan and Russia, which was also seen as important as this gave an indication as to whether or not these countries had the ability to increase their production and had the necessary facilities to do so at a reasonable price. Critique of Research Process The research process was somewhat scattergun in nature, aiming to cover a wide range of issues and this resulted in lack of depth at times. By attempting to determine the potential market in the UK, the general market for caviar and caviar substitutes, the general production processes and the way in which caviar substitutes are developed, this research was naturally less detailed than may be necessary in the next stages of business development. A more focussed approach, for example, looking specifically at the UK and the va rious caviar substitutes available, may have been a more productive approach at this stage.

Anthopology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthopology - Essay Example According to the researches of Chavez, Pedraza and Rimbaut; there are clear distinctions between a migrant and a settler. Migrants could be regarded as people that temporary residents of an area; thus migrants are people that leave their permanent place of residence and live in other areas temporarily in search of greener pastures. On the other hand, settlers are people that have the privileges of a citizen of a particular country or region after living there for a particular number of years. Thus, Chavez believes that undocumented immigrants are people that start out as illegal immigrants and they could actually attain the status of a settler after staying there for a particular number of years. The notion about undocumented immigrants is what actually affects the way that undocumented immigrants carry out their duties as workers in the United States of America. These undocumented immigrants do not see themselves as permanent residents, but as temporary workers that have a short sti nt in the United States of America. The undocumented workers are faced with the challenge that they would have to go back to their native countries someday (Chavez, 1998). ... The three phases are separation, transition and incorporation. The separation phase is the stage that the undocumented immigrants are separated from their friends and families and this represents an emotional period in the lives of the undocumented immigrants. The transition phase is the stage that the undocumented immigrants are presented with the opportunity of moving to a higher level in their lives as they try to become a member of a society that is actually alien to them. The incorporation phase is the stage that the undocumented immigrants try to in integrate themselves into their new home and society and they identify with the values and norms of this society during the incorporation phase. And this is just like the rite of passage as it takes place when someone makes a reasonable progress by changing from one status to another (Chavez, 1998). Chavez carried out his fieldwork by conducting interviews among undocumented immigrants living in different places. He organized struct ured interviews and informal interviews for these undocumented immigrants. The difficulties he faced in the course of his field work are that most of the interviews were usually time-consuming (Chavez, 1998). Chavez chose to refer to them as undocumented immigrants due to the fact that he felt that was the most polite and neutral term to use to classify these groups of individuals as other terms that were used were too harsh on these people. Chavez characterizes the social diversity of northern San Diego based in the different backgrounds of the people that reside there. He also characterizes them by the number of years they have stayed in the United States and the factors that affect the way they live. The undocumented immigrants fit into the larger society in areas that