The Major Themes In Relation To Globalization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2620 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world with a presence of 32,000 restaurants in 119 countries. Its history goes back to 1940 when Richard and Maurice opened its first restaurant in California. In 1955 Ray Croc started a franchise with the two brothers where he later purchased the full rights in 1956. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Major Themes In Relation To Globalization" essay for you Create order Presently, McDonalds is recognized in the world as a hamburger restaurant chain, but they are a multi local company providing wide range of meal items to suite local palates. Their continued success in different cultures and regions are a result of continuous adaptation to local culture, local sourced products and local franchise agreements. In this case study analysis, it critically examines how McDonalds have impacted different cultures and how different cultures have impacted McDonalds operations worldwide. Availability of Fast Food and Americanization McDonalds is the first fast food company to export Americans most loved fast food services to other countries. Since then people from different countries and different cultures started to move from their traditional foods towards fast foods such as McDonalds meals, which is also known as Americanization. Measuring Purchasing Power Parity through Big Mac Index Big Macs prices in various countries are considered as a measurement to value the standard of living and the exchange rates of a country. Its an informal measurement. Following tables (refer table no. 01 02) reflects how Big Mc Index has been used to measure PPP. Table No. 01 (Source: The Economist Website, 28th July 2010) Table No. 02 (Source: The Economist Website, July 28th 2010) Being a Multi-Local Company Even-though McDonalds is recognized as a global brand across the world, they are a global local company which follows a theme Think Global, Act Local. It has a high percentage of local ownership and operates through a network of franchise outlets across countries. Currently there are more than 75% of franchised restaurants worldwide (Source: www.aboutmcdonalds.com) Table No. 03 (Source: www.wikinvest.com, Wiki Analysis, McDonalds) Sourcing of Products and Farming McDonalds in some cases source their products globally, however in some cases the company sources locally or setup their own factory plants and farm in different regions and countries through local farmers. Following are some examples of how sourcing is being done in different regions and countries, McDonalds India and Brazil sources its most of the products locally. McDonalds Canada in 2005 sourced locally more than $700 million paper goods and products which accounts for 90% of total purchases for the year. Potatoes are produced and farmed in Russia with imported Dutch seeds to maintain standardisation. Health Scares and Health Awareness Programs Biggest challenges McDonalds faced was through protests from various environmentalists, health chiefs, and middle class commentators due to BSE crisis in 1996, bird flu pandemic and rise in child obesity. This has led people to move away from fast food eating habits to more healthy foods such as homemade foods and healthy meals offered by competitors such as Quite Revolution, Eat and Love Juice. Increasing Focus on Emerging Markets The company has increased their focus on emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil, due to high population compared to US. According to President of India Pratibha Patil (Source: www.rediff.com) she mentioned that India has the potential of accounting for one fourth of the workforce by 2022 across the world.Which is a large number of people earning money and a large market for McDonalds to penetrate. Adapting to Local Food Culture and Eating Habits The main reason to McDonalds continued success in international markets is due to its ability and capacity to adapt to local eating habits and tastes. Following are few examples, In India a special Maharaja Mac is offered in lamb or chicken instead of beef which is prohibited, the veggie burger named McAloo Tikki and also they provide home delivery. In Germany McDonalds offer beer in restaurants. McDonalds in Norway offers the McLaks grilled salmon and dill sauce sandwich. Norwegians love fish. In Hong Kong they offer a rice burger. Rice is one of the most loved foods in Hong Kong. Diversity in Suppliers, Franchisees and Employees According to Pat Harris, Global Chief Diversity Officer, McDonalds have shifted from white male only organization to a more diversified organization, through partnering with African-American, Hispanic, Asian and female franchisees, recruiting employees and selecting and developing suppliers from minority groups in-order to serve the vast majority of people in different cultures. According to Andrew J DuBrin (Essentials of Management 2008, Chapter 2) more than one-half of the McDonalds staff from crew members to the COO belongs to an ethnic minority group. Effective Strategies for Managing Cultural Differences Managing cultural differences is considered as an integral part of succeeding in global business. However it is not an easy task, but Multinational Corporation are required to understand the basics of these differences and manage it accordingly. Following are the strategies which can be adapted to manage cultural differences, Understanding and Appreciating Culture through Innovation One of the best ways McDonalds can use to manage cultural differences between employees is to find innovative methods to increase appreciation between every ones culture. As an example Tabra Incorporation, a jewellery manufacturing corporation, hangs around 10-12 different flags in their production facility in California representing all different cultures, such as India, China, Thailand, Mexico and others. Inclusion of Diversity in Projects and Business Processes The company should include employees from different cultures and ethnic groups in projects and business processes such as strategic planning, process and product development, re-engineering processes, employee development and performance management functions of the organization in-order to improve coordination and equality. Managing Differences through Cross Cultural Training Presently McDonalds has seven hamburger universities worldwide which provides learning and practical experience in managing their restaurants. If the university provides language and cross-cultural training sessions for the participants, it would provide an understanding of other cultures apart from students own culture whilst increase intercultural team building and decrease social ambiguity. Adapting to Local Food Culture and Habits When going global McDonalds had to adapt to local culture, When in Rome, Do as the Romans. They have changed most of their American food items to suite the local culture, such as vegie burger in India, rice burger in China, Samurai Pork Burger in Thailand and Green tea red bean ice cream sundae in Hong Kong are some. Due to rapid urbanization in China, Chinese people tend to travel more and also greater distances by car. Because of this there is a growing demand for drive thru service, where McDonalds should setup drive thru services at almost all restaurants in China, which only few have been setup at present. Changing and Redesigning Restaurants Layout, Theme and Infrastructure McDonalds needs to be more local in different regions, especially during local festival seasons by changing their restaurant theme to suite them. In 2004 McDonalds restaurant in Beijing decorated their interiors with auspicious symbols of traditional Chinese culture for the Spring Festival held in China. Adapting the same strategy in other regions would increase the turnout. Most of the cultures are presently shifting more towards technology, online chatting and online activity, through internet. McDonald should establish Wi-Fi technology in all its restaurants across regions. Presently in US Europe, most of the restaurants playgrounds have been converted to gyms called Ronald Gym Club consisting video game cycling, dance pads, monkey bars, basketball hoops and obstacle course to promote physical fitness for kids. If the same concept can be replicated in Asia, it would make a big impact to the customer turnout since Asian kids are very fond of physical activities. Positive Impacts of Adapting to Local Cultures Adapting a Synergistic Approach Globally McDonald adapts a synergistic approach in its global business, which gives the opportunity to utilise the diversity among their work force to create competitive advantage. Adapting this approach the company can increase flexibility towards changing cultural preferences, recruit work force with different cultural backgrounds which helps to improve decision making and creativity and create a strong brand image locally. Impact of Adapting to Local Food Culture and Sourcing Locally McDonalds offers their meals considering local food culture and religious preferences, which is considered to be a vital part of its globalization strategy. It is called glocalization, where they adapt to local tastes and food culture while promoting its brand. People from different cultures were able to experience American culture through eating one of their loved local meals. In India, the culture is such that people and government want to see MNCs investing in national development and growth. McDonalds decision to source products locally is seen as a positive impact to the country and to its growth. According to Chief Executive Officer of McDonalds, the company has setup a Sustainable Land Management Commitment (SLMC) to source its products for the foods served in restaurants without impacting sustainability, for products such as poultry, coffee, palm oil and packaging. Some other programs initiated by McDonalds are environment scorecard for suppliers and sustainable fishe ries programme. Following image shows how McDonalds India sources its products for the veggie burger sold in India (refer image no. 02), Image No. 02 (Source: www.rediff.com, Article: McJatia tickles Bombays tastebuds, builds an empire, all in two years) QSCV principle Quality Service Cleanliness and Value McDonalds is well known for their quality of foods served, fast and friendly service, providing a value meal and for its restaurants cleanliness. According to author of Golden Arches East James L Watson, points out that before McDonalds started their operations in Hong Kong in 1970 most of the public toilets were unclean but after they started their operations, their cleanliness principle urged other local restaurants to adapt it. Improve Equality between all People from Different Cultures At McDonalds, everyone has to stand in a queue to order their meals regardless of ones ethnicity, race, cast or religious beliefs. This practice developed equality among all people from different cultures. As an example James L Watson states that, Hong Kong was never accustomed to standing in a straight line, but after McDonalds started operations their practices created equality and people had to wait for their turn in the queue. Cultural Diversity and its Effects on International Business Ethnic Diversity and its Effects on International Business Ethnicity plays a huge role in the success and downfall of an international business operating in a local culture. The global businesses have to adapt according to those different cultures and religious preferences in-order to survive. Advantages Ethnic diversity helps McDonalds to achieve competitive advantage. By utilising the diverse workforce, they can easily adapt to local cultural change and improve decision making, creativity and innovations of the company as a whole. With the help of the diverse local employees, they are offering meals in local tastes to suite every culture and are able to serve the customer in their own local dialect which increases sales and profitability. As examples McDonalds India offers McAloo Tikka, Veggie Burger, Maharaja Mac and the employees can speak different local languages. In China, they offer a special Chinese New Year meal, grilled chicken sandwich and twisted French fries. Having local restaurant employees, Indian customers who can only speak Hindi, Bengali or Tamil and Chinese customers speaking only Mandarin or Cantonese can easily order their meals in their own languages. Disadvantages Adapting to local cultures, increases the operational cost, adaptation and reengineering costs and decreases standardization of McDonalds. McDonalds India does not offer beef or pork and always has to maintain separation in sourcing products, cooking and serving for vegetarians in India. In China, they only use thigh fillets in all its chicken burgers offered in China, compared to breast meat used in other countries. Normally McDonalds does not deliver, but in China and India they maintain a delivery service, where motorcycles or traditional courier bicycles are used as mode of delivery. Sexual Orientation and its Effects on International Business McDonalds is considered as an organization providing equal opportunities to its employees regardless of their race, religion, gender and sexual orientation. Advantages According to China daily (local newspaper) homosexuals accounts for around 1% 5% of total population which is around 60 million people. It is three times higher than the mid-year population of Sri Lanka in 2010 according to Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. India has legalized gay marriages and relationship in 2009, where discrimination is not allowed with regard to sexual orientation. McDonalds policy towards non-discrimination on sexual orientation, their programmes and activities to provide a culture supportive to them, makes employees more relaxed and comfortable working for the company and staff will work to their fullest potential. Disadvantages In China, rules setup for homosexual relationships and same sex marriages are not clear and does not indicate whether its legal or illegal. In India, even-though homosexuality is de-criminalized, the society is still not used to the gay culture and people of gay nature has been ridiculed and abused. Advertisement for gay people done by McDonalds in France for the purpose of showing the public that they welcome everyone, will not be suitable for both China and India to launch. Gay couples will avoid McDonalds because they will not feel comfortable due to the peoples perception towards homosexuality in both countries. Gender Equality/ Inequality and its effects on International Business Being an equal opportunity organization, McDonalds provide the same recognition, opportunity and career growth for women as well. Advantages McDonalds policy towards equal opportunity increases the job opportunity for women in China and India. According to Tim Fenton, President of McDonalds chain in Asia Pacific Middle East and Africa (APMEA), their rising female employment percentage has helped the company to boost its operating profits and growth. China and India does not have very good discrimination laws like in US, but McDonalds policy towards equal opportunity, provides the opportunity for Chinese and Indian women to get recruited, promoted and benefit from working at McDonalds. McDonalds will benefit from recruiting skilled and qualified Chinese and Indian labour. Disadvantages In Asian countries, the gap between genders is high. According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Asia Pacific Human Development Report, the women of the Asian region lack equal rights. In China and India, the perception towards women working in fast food restaurants like McDonalds in most parts are unfavourable. Most of the families tend to not give the women the freedom to work in these kinds of work places. This perception limits the availability of skilled women labour for the organization. Conclusion McDonalds work culture has impacted the culture of almost all the countries and regions. They have been an example of excellent time management, cleanliness, equality in work force, and adaptation to local food culture. Their different management styles in different regions impacted greatly towards their success and growth in many regions. Even different cultures have impacted the operations of McDonalds where the organization had to address various local food culture habits. However to attract more customers, especially middle income earners and students, they adapt a competitive pricing strategy. Even local suppliers and producers are used to source their products to show that the organization is investing in local businesses. McDonalds in collectivism societies such as India, China, and Sri Lanka where societies are family oriented who prefer eating as a family or in groups offers the ideal home experience through their restaurant setup and play areas for kids. In low u ncertainty avoidance cultures such as India, China and Sri Lanka where it tends to have higher employee turnover, to retain its employees McDonalds through its flexible approach provides structured career growth, recognition and training. McDonalds in most cultures adapts to local cultural festivals through changing their restaurant theme and offering special seasonal meals. As examples in countries such as China with a past oriented culture, McDonalds changed their interiors and menu for the Spring Festival.

Causes of Racism in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1534 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Society Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Racism in America Essay Social Problems Essay United States Essay Did you like this example? Racism is defined as a way of separating individuals and how race and origin are impacted by their qualities. Merriam-Webster characterizes racism to be seen as a crucial opinion in determining human attributes together with their limit, racial contrasts and ways of preventing certain race in America. Racism can go up against many structures as it can be a conviction that people can be genuinely characterized into natural ethnic classes keeping in mind the end goal to isolate grouped unrivaled from sub-par races. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Causes of Racism in America" essay for you Create order This is one shape while another can be more inconspicuous and neglected. However, simply like all types of supposing of which in the end rise to the top after some will time that is the crucial step of prejudice. There is never any undeniable lines or signs in this day and age yet the training and states of mind are as yet present and are woven into the very structure holding the racism system together. In the current days, the general public has been encountering an increase in the rate of racial occurrences and acts that conflict with the esteem that America speaks about. For example, justice, an American lifestyle, and freedom. Prejudice is a central and also a foundational worry in America and its States. This practice while there have been endeavors to wipe out these sorts of states of mind and biases throughout recent years the point activities still keep on springing up; now since this has been a piece of America society since bondage and different parts of the world, racia l strains run high particularly when disengaged episodes happen that can by and large strengthen the training (Banton). Prejudice is characterized in this setting as the abuse of individuals in view of their national birthplace, race, religion, place of origin and color. Racism is frequently utilized as an establishment among hate groups keeping in mind the end goal to fuel hidden motivation, for example, intimidation or envy, prejudice, this sort of mentalities, biased documentation and scorn impacts affect society and social request. Because of this reality racisms today keeps existence and in many parts of the nation, the act of being racial inclination and preference is a staple of regular daily existence, thus America as a nation will never accomplish the racial amicability and as a country urgently need to stop the racism in it (Gregoire). As per (Banton), the issue is that white individuals consider bigotry to be cognizant despise when prejudice is greater than that. Bigot ry is a perplexing arrangement of social and political levers and pulleys set up ages back to keep taking a shot at the benefit of whites at other individuals cost, regardless of whether whites know/like it or not. Prejudice is a slippery social ailment. It is insidious to the point that it couldnt care less on the off chance that you are a white individual who likes dark individuals; its as yet going to figure out how to contaminate how you manage individuals who dont appear as though you. Truly, bigotry looks like loathe, yet despise is only one appearance to benefit is another. Access is another. Numbness is another. Lack of concern is another. Etcetera. So while I concur with individuals who say nobody is conceived bigot, it remains an effective framework that were quickly naturally introduced to. It resembles being naturally introduced into the air: you take it in when you relax. Its not an icy that you can get over. There is no against bigot accreditation class. Its an arrange ment of financial traps and social esteems that are started up each time we connect with the world. It is a thing you need to continue scooping out of the vessel of your life to keep from suffocating in it. I know its diligent work, however, its the value you pay for owning everything For quite a long time the segregation, the act of partiality and the steady teaching of abhorring has secured the scene and work to keep this country isolated. One of numerous occurrences that have secured the media scene is the awful shooting of benefactors at a dark church in Charleston, South Carolina I a previous couple of years of the thousand years.it would be hard for anyone to ever believe that as we are in the progress towards the fate of innovative progression and learning the community would simply be interested in numerous adolescence illnesses which does not exist in this day and age prejudice is as yet existing and dynamic in the general public boggling of the brain.Would it be that th is ailment has been so profound root in American culture and culture that it dangerous cells have and keep on infecting the very center of society? (Prince) The reasons for prejudice come from the one the states of mind that 1) race is better than another that has been the hundreds of years old opinion that resound all through our general public, it is a dependable fact that dark Africans slaves were conveyed to the provinces for one reason to be work for the estates and the slave masters at each open door guarantee that the slaves knew their place on the natural pecking order, 2) to exhibit prevalence one has over persuaded others that they are substandard them so with a specific end goal to finish that the slave master expected to keep the slaves without education, always shackles and regarded the slaves as not as much as individuals and 3) to keep predominance one should consistently keep reminding the slaves that they are the ace while the individual are the slave over others , a creature, a ferocious, he continues reverberating the activity to slaves as well as to their own kids and the society also expanding on this dread it would resound for quite a long time to come in the future. Particularly in most of the southern area of the settlements of America, (Prince). So when taking a gander at bigotry in America the times of institutional prejudice has profound roots in all things that have been based over this establishment from laws to states of mind to how nationals think or the way we are impacted to believe and see our general surroundings. Along these lines, how would we annihilate prejudice or endeavor to free our general public of this dangerous ailment, we cant reform hearts yet we are able to change laws, we can dispose of institutional considering and the old strategies for social works on, removing the old monitor of political environment by introducing more youthful thoughts and vitality to need genuine change not only for one race however for everybody in America. Those are only a couple of numerous thoughts and ideas which should be sanctioned to balance what has been tormenting our general public for a considerable length of time. Isolation as per Merriam-Webster is characterized as the demonstration or the process or even the division, disconnection of a class, race, or ethnic gathering by upheld or intentional habitation in a limited zone by boundaries to communal associations, by partitioned instructive offices or through other biasing ways.After the cancellation of bondage in the United States, three Constitutional revisions were passed to concede recently liberated African Americans lawful status: the Thirteenth Amendment annulled subjection the Fourteenth gave citizenship, the Fifteenth ensured the privilege to vote (A Century of Racial Segregation) (Gregoire).While we might not have isolation legislations or any kind of Jim Crow minutes the division race can, in any case, be observed and even be felt tod ay simply take a gander at the state in which minority understudies need to grasp against their white partners or the budgetary points of interest for which many favored Caucasians are managed against whatever is left of the populace in the public arena. Dark colored v. the Board of Education is only an example of numerous episodes which demonstrate that the mentalities and perspectives of the special affected those who were not much lucky and the minorities which not slaves any longer were all the while being dealt with accordingly. The misunderstanding of the Negroes was genuine because of the way in which the dread that one day the slaves relatives would ascend against the structure of the authority in this nation. Dread is an awesome helper for amazing and terrible reasons that when used to inspire one is able achievemarvelous things when used to impart and isolate races it can be unfavorable to everyone who is influenced by this kind of rule (Gregoire). To conclude, racis m in America together with the racist states of mind that keep on plaguing our reality that is in fact progressed and brimming with learning and openings this is an age-old mindset. We need to discover approaches to free our general public of this destructive infection all together moves together to the future as a world free general and a public building peace and of racism, racial congruity, and preference. Works Cited Banton, Michael. The Nature And Causes Of Racism And Racial Discrimination. International Sociology (1992): pp. 69-84. Gregoire, C,. A Psychologists Explanton of Why Racism Persists in America;. 14 July 2015. Prince, R.,. How Media Have Shaped Our Peception of Race and Crime;. 09 04 2014.

Modern Ethical Theories Free Essays

Philosophically Egoism theory purports that one’s self is or should be the motivation and reasons of our own actions.   This theory has two variations, descriptive or normative variation and altruism variation.   Altruism variation holds that one should maximize good for all being in the world (Hobbes, 1651). We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Ethical Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Altruism is the opposite of egoism. Ethical egoism is a normative theory that revolves around the idea that each individual should do what is entirely in his or her self interests and by doing actions that aimed at self interest he or she achieves morality.   The theory states that one’s self interest is the primary motive of actions and is the moral thing to do. Hence the theory is a self effacing theory which tries to justify reasons for actions as duty bound or morally right. Psychological egoism theory on the other hand is a descriptive theory that describes human actions as wholly motivated by self interest it implies that individual’s actions are purely by self centered even though the actions may seem to be motivated by interest of others (More, G.E., 1903).   It states that, â€Å"all human actions are selfish acts at their roots†. Thus it asserts that if individual helps others, acts which may seem to be of benefit to others.   The primary motive may be the need for an individual to better him/herself thus making the act self-seeking.   It is impossible to empirically prove the psychological egoism theory wrong but it is just as hard to empirically prove the theory right.   In addition once the premise of the theory is accepted the actions can be interpreted to support the theory. Fallacy of Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism theory states that people are always motivated by their own interests.   This   however hastily   generalizes actions and their motivation   since there are instances we can disapprove this such as, when an individual smokes .this is an act that can be harmful to one’s wellbeing thus not act in   self interest, others such as soldiers carry out their duties without considering personal gains. There are also instances where motivations to act may appear to be of no self interest   at face value but   are nevertheless self interest motivated (Rachels, J., 2003).   For example if an individual is motivated to act out of fear or his acts are motivated by fear, he/she may be acting in the interest of self-preservation. On the other hand, these actions/reactions may be driven by the interest of the other individual or threats from this other individual thus his/her action may be classified as an action motivated for other’s interest.   In this case, the individual actions are what she/he is motivated to do, for instance run. The strong and weak versions of Ethical Egoism The ethical egoism can be split into two versions; the strong and the weak versions.   The strong version supports the endorsement of an individual’s own good as the moral thing to do.   Individual actions that are driven by self-interest or self fulfillment arise out of moral judgement while the weak version supports the premise that there are situations where it may be prudent to ignore personal welfare when making moral judgement (Rachels, J., 2003). For instance if a soldier lies on a grenade to save his friends he may act this way to be able to live with himself In other words if he acted otherwise he may live the rest of his life with a guilty conscience .However the strong version might interpret this action as the moral thing to do. Contrast in Motivation Doctrines of the two theories Psychological egoism theory is the empirical doctrine that an individual’s act is a desire for one’s own welfare (Sigmund, F., 1966).   However, these acts usually conceal the determining motives.   This concealment is usually in their self-interest.   The theory results from observation of human behaviour and can only be proved empirically if there are no exceptions.   It makes no claim to how individuals should act for their self-interest.   This premise can be argued to be verifiable but non-moral. On the other hand, the ethical egoism theory is prescriptive doctrine that individuals actions are in self-interest that is for personal welfare thus the personal welfare is the most valuable thing for an individual.   However, the theory does not claim that all individuals seek their own self interest.   It only claims that individuals should seek their own self-interest that is all individual might not seek self-interest (Sigmund, F., 1966).   For the ethical egoism theory to hold or to be proven as a theory its premises must hold for all individuals. Differences between ethical egoism and psychological egoism Psychological egoism is descriptive while the ethical egoism theory is prescriptive, that is, the psychological theory states why individuals act the way they do while the ethical theory suggests the reasons for such.   The other difference is concerned with their motivation doctrines.   In psychological egoism it is human nature to be driven by selfish reasons whereas in the ethical egoism theory selfish acts are the morally right thing to do (More, G.E., 1903).Psychological egoism deals with reality while ethical egoism deals with what reality should be. It   can also be argued that ethical egoism approves of cooperative behaviour   while psychological egoism does not since the theory   believes in achieving maximum welfare though selfish actions . Conclusion Self-interest actions are not always selfish actions in that one can act in such a way as to benefit or for his personal welfare improvement.   Such actions cannot be termed as selfish and this is always seen as acts out of self-interest.   Self-interest acts are not always selfish acts but selfish actions are always out of personal self-interest. For example if an individual’s self interest is to obey the law we can claim the individual is doing this out of self interest, that is, it is in his/her self interest to avoid legal troubles like being jailed.   This can be seen as a selfish act.   But by obeying the law, it can also be argued that he is doing this in the interest of others or out of consideration of others.   In this case, this is not a selfish act.   However, self-interest actions are not always incompatible with the interest of others for example to help others, which is not a self-interest act.   An individual must first help himself inorder to be in a position to help others. Reference G.E. Moore (1903).   In Principia Ethica: Cambridge University Press. Rachels, J. (2003). The Elements of moral philosophy (4th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Sigmund, Freud (1966).   The Interpretation of Dreams.   New York: Avon.    How to cite Modern Ethical Theories, Essay examples